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Quantum Electronics

Laser cooling of impurity crystals

S N Andrianov, В. В. Самарцев

Published Mar 31, 2001• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A review of the main experimental achievements in the new field of physics — laser cooling of solids — is presented. The method of nonequilibrium statistical operator is used to develop the theory of laser cooling of an impurity crystal. Predictions of this theory are compared with the results of experiments carried out at Los Alamos National Laboratory (USA).

DOI
10.1070/qe2001v031n03abeh001926

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A review of the main experimental achievements in the new field of physics — laser cooling of solids — is presented. The method of nonequilibrium statistical operator is used to develop the theory of laser cooling of an impurity crystal. Predictions of this theory are compared with the results of experiments carried out at Los Alamos National Laboratory (USA).
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The method of elimination of boson operators is used to theoretically analyze the possibility and optimal conditions of superradiance regime of laser cooling of crystals and glasses doped with rare-earth ions. A set of kinetic equations governing the processes of laser cooling and optical superradiance in a multilevel system is derived for the pulsed regime. It is demonstrated that the efficiency of laser cooling in this regime is proportional to a factor N2(lambda) 2KnS, where N is the number of active impurity centers, (lambda) is the superradiance wavelength, K is the number of superradiance channels, and nS is the number of superradiance events per second.
The cooling of solids via laser-excited anti-Stokes luminescence has reached the cryogenic regime and is now being considered for several applications that benefit from vibration-free cryogenic refrigeration. 4f-4f transitions in rare-earth-doped crystals with low phonon energies currently offer the best laser-cooling performance. These transitions, however, are electric-dipole (ED) forbidden and thus have low cross sections, limiting the minimum achievable temperatures in practical materials to the 50–100 K regime. In contrast, ED-allowed transitions may offer greater cross sections and potentially enable lower minimum temperatures or more compact devices. The search for laser cooling with ED-allowed transitions has been an active field of research over the past decades with a wide variety of materials having been studied. This paper reviews the fundamentals of solid-state laser cooling, provides a preliminary theoretical assessment showing that laser-cooling with ED-allowed transitions is in principle possible, and reviews the experimental results reported to date. While cooling with ED-allowed transitions has not yet been realized in the solid state, the existing experimental body of work along with the theoretical considerations presented here suggest that further research on this topic may be fruitful.