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physica status solidi (a)

Coherent Control of Resonant Rayleigh Scattering

Simon Kennedy, N. Garro, R. T. Phillips, Klaus Ploog

Published Mar 1, 2000• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Phase-locked pulse pairs are used for resonant excitation of excitons confined within GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells. The time-resolved secondary emission displays strong dependence on the relative phases of the two pulses for inter-pulse delays of the order of 1ps or less. Constructive interference is combined with an increase in the rise time of the emission following the second pulse. For longer inter-pulse delays the different phases of inhomogeneous excitons complicate the effect of the second pulse, with the apparent effect changing with time after the second pulse. To model this, the optical Bloch equations for a line of three-level systems are integrated over time and the resulting polarisations summed over a range of angles. The importance of the inhomogeneity in descriptions of coherent control of secondary emission is shown.

DOI
10.1002/1521-396x(200003)178:1<397::aid-pssa397>3.0.co;2-z

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Phase-locked pulse pairs are used for resonant excitation of excitons confined within GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells. The time-resolved secondary emission displays strong dependence on the relative phases of the two pulses for inter-pulse delays of the order of 1ps or less. Constructive interference is combined with an increase in the rise time of the emission following the second pulse. For longer inter-pulse delays the different phases of inhomogeneous excitons complicate the effect of the second pulse, with the apparent effect changing with time after the second pulse. To model this, the optical Bloch equations for a line of three-level systems are integrated over time and the resulting polarisations summed over a range of angles. The importance of the inhomogeneity in descriptions of coherent control of secondary emission is shown.
We have investigated the manipulation of the phase and amplitude of the state of a three-level exciton system by excitation with pairs of phase-locked optical pulses. We demonstrate coherent control over the phase of quantum beating between the light- and heavy-hole excitons which are the components of the system. The state of the system is monitored by time-resolved detection of the resonant secondary emission coupled out of the system in non-phase-matched directions by virtue of the static disorder. We show that the amplitude of the coherent manipulation must diminish as a function of time delay between the components of the pulse pair in a way which takes into account both the dephasing of the excitons and their unphasing which arises from inhomogeneous broadening.
Using a novel technique, we simultaneously study the femtosecond dynamics of the amplitude and the coherence of resonant secondary emission from GaAs quantum wells. Two phase-locked pulses resonantly excite excitons in the semiconductor and the subsequently emitted radiation is detected by femtosecond up-conversion. In experiments at various delays and phases between the excitation pulses we identify three different contributions to the secondary emission with different coherence properties in time.
Temporal coherent control experiment have been performed on semiconductor quantum well structures, using a sequence of polarized excitation pulses. The oscillatory behaviour of the populations, spin and alignment of the exciton states are observed through the time resolved secondary emission when the time separation between the two excitation pulses is varied. We show that, in specular detection direction, for bare quantum wells at 10 K and low exciton densities, the oscillations amplitude decay is determined by the exciton inhomogeneous broadening. In non-specular detection directions however, when the SE is dominated by resonant Rayleigh scattering, the decay is longer and becomes temperature dependent, which strongly supports that it is now determined by the exciton dephasing time.
Dipole-forbidden transitions have been investigated by means of coherent control techniques. The 2p heavy-hole excitonic transition of a GaAs/AlGaAs multiple quantum well system was excited by a pair of phase-locked pulses with their energy at half the transition energy. The temporal evolution of the amplitude of coherent control, monitored in the secondary emission at the 1s heavy-hole exciton energy, showed two different contributions: one at the frequency of the optical field, and a second one at twice that frequency, from the interference of the excitonic polarisation. The latter component contains, besides the energy of the dark transition, information about the dynamics of the state.
Coherent Rayleigh scattering and incoherent luminescence are studied by femtosecond upconversion under resonant excitation as a function of exciton density in GaAs quantum wells. Comparing samples with different well widths allows to establish the relation between inhomogeneous broadening and the shape of resonant Rayleigh scattering. We find an excellent agreement between experiment and a classical model. In samples with moderate inhomogeneous broadening we provide evidence for the transition from coherent to incoherent emission. The comparison with excitonic dephasing times T2 obtained from four-wave-mixing experiments demonstrates that the incoherent exciton population rises within T2/2, at any exciton density when changed by more than an orders of magnitude. The experimental results confirm very clearly the concept predicting that the coherent polarization made up by localized excitons decays into an incoherent exciton population under conservation of the number of excited quanta.
We present a bosonic description of excitons created by means of resonant optical pumping in a quantum well in the presence of a weak disorder potential. The excitonic collective state is a Glauber coherent state, closely related to that of photons but substantially different from that of few-level models. The theory, applying to the low-density regime, is used to explain various transient linear optical experiments involving resonantly excited excitons in GaAs quantum wells. In particular, we consider coherent control of the exciton density and spin, resonant Rayleigh scattering and scattering coherent control. Our quantum mechanical approach for light emission shows that excitonic secondary emission has a coherent component, in agreement with experiments.