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Physical Review A

Laser-assisted coherent atomic tunneling between two trapped Bose-Einstein condensates

Noriaki Tsukada, Mitsunobu Gotoda, Y. Nomura, Toshiro Isu

Published May 1, 1999• 32 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We describe the coherent atomic tunneling between two Bose-Einstein condensates confined in a double-well potential, whose zero-point energies are modulated by a small oscillation of the barrier-laser position. The coupled-mode equations derived from the Gross-Pitaevskii equation describe the dynamics in terms of the population imbalance as a function of the modulation amplitude of the zero-point energies normalized by the modulation frequency. It is predicted that the modulation of the zero-point energies induces the laser-assisted tunneling (LAT) and the resonant peaks of the LATs are remarkably shifted in energy by the nonlinearity due to the many-body interactions. It is also shown that the threshold of the nonlinear self-interaction for the spontaneous symmetry breaking is modified by the potential modulations. These features are qualitatively explained by considering that the coupling (or tunneling) coefficient K is effectively given by $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{K}{K}_{n}^{\mathrm{eff}}{=J}_{n}{(E}_{\ensuremath{\omega}}/\ensuremath{\omega})K$ for the $n\mathrm{th}$ LAT under the influence of the potential modulations, where ${E}_{\ensuremath{\omega}}$ and \ensuremath{\omega} are the modulation amplitude of the zero-point energies and the modulation frequency, respectively.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.59.3862

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We describe the coherent atomic tunneling between two Bose-Einstein condensates confined in a double-well potential, whose zero-point energies are modulated by a small oscillation of the barrier-laser position. The coupled-mode equations derived from the Gross-Pitaevskii equation describe the dynamics in terms of the population imbalance as a function of the modulation amplitude of the zero-point energies normalized by the modulation frequency. It is predicted that the modulation of the zero-point energies induces the laser-assisted tunneling (LAT) and the resonant peaks of the LATs are remarkably shifted in energy by the nonlinearity due to the many-body interactions. It is also shown that the threshold of the nonlinear self-interaction for the spontaneous symmetry breaking is modified by the potential modulations. These features are qualitatively explained by considering that the coupling (or tunneling) coefficient K is effectively given by K\ensuremath→Kneff=Jn(E\ensuremathω/\ensuremathω)K\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{K}{K}_{n}^{\mathrm{eff}}{=J}_{n}{(E}_{\ensuremath{\omega}}/\ensuremath{\omega})KK\ensuremath→​Kneff​=Jn​(E\ensuremathω​/\ensuremathω)K for the nthn\mathrm{th}nth LAT under the influence of the potential modulations, where E\ensuremathω{E}_{\ensuremath{\omega}}E\ensuremathω​ and \ensuremath{\omega} are the modulation amplitude of the zero-point energies and the modulation frequency, respectively.
We study the coherent atomic tunneling between two zero-temperature Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC) confined in a double-well magnetic trap. Two Gross-Pitaevskii equations for the self-interacting BEC amplitudes, coupled by a transfer matrix element, describe the dynamics in terms of the interwell phase difference and population imbalance. In addition to the anharmonic generalization of the familiar ac Josephson effect and plasma oscillations occurring in superconductor junctions, the nonlinear BEC tunneling dynamics sustains a self-maintained population imbalance: a novel ``macroscopic quantum self-trapping'' effect.
Summary form only given. Dynamical control of the atomic tunneling between two Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC's) confined in a double-well potential is predicted to occur when laser pulses induce transition between one of the condensate state and the excited state which brings about phase shifts for the condensate wave function, leading to transition between macroscopic quantum self-trapping, which is a self-maintained population imbalance between two BEC's due to interatomic interaction, and large amplitude oscillations. We investigate this phenomenon for the case of a three-level system with two condensate states and an excited state.
We present a theoretical treatment of dynamics of an atomic Bose-Einstein condensation interacting witha single-mode quantized travelling-wave laser field in a double-well potential. When the atom-field system is initiallyin a coherent state, expressions for the energy exchange between atoms and photons are derived. It is revealed thatatoms in the two wells can be in a self-trapping state when the tunnelling frequency satisfies two specific conditions,in which the resonant and far off-resonant cases are included. It is found that there is an alternating current with twodifferent sinusoidal oscillations between the two wells, but no dc characteristic of the atomic tunnelling current occurs.It should be emphasized that when without the laser field, both the population difference and the atomic tunnellingcurrent are only a single oscillation. But they will respectively become a superposition of two oscillations with differentoscillatory frequencies in the presence of the laser field. For the two oscillations of the population difference, one alwayshas an increment in the oscillatory frequency, the other can have an increment or a decrease under different cases. Theseconclusions are also suitable to those of the atomic tunnelling current. As a possible application, by measurement of theatomic tunnelling current between the two wells, the number of Bose-condensed atoms can be evaluated. lBy properlyselecting the laser field, the expected atomic tunnelling current can be obtained too.
We present a theoretical treatment of dynamics of an atomic Bose–Einstein condensation interacting with a single-mode quantized travelling-wave laser field in a double-well potential. When the atom-field system is initially in a coherent state, expressions for the energy exchange between atoms and photons are derived. It is revealed that atoms in the two wells can be in a self-trapping state when the tunnelling frequency satisfies two specific conditions, in which the resonant and far off-resonant cases are included. It is found that there is an alternating current with two different sinusoidal oscillations between the two wells, but no dc characteristic of the atomic tunnelling current occurs. It should be emphasized that when without the laser field, both the population difference and the atomic tunnelling current are only a single oscillation. But they will respectively become a superposition of two oscillations with different oscillatory frequencies in the presence of the laser field. For the two oscillations of the population difference, one always has an increment in the oscillatory frequency, the other can have an increment or a decrease under different cases. These conclusions are also suitable to those of the atomic tunnelling current. As a possible application, by measurement of the atomic tunnelling current between the two wells, the number of Bose-condensed atoms can be evaluated. By properly selecting the laser field, the expected atomic tunnelling current can be obtained too.
We discuss the coherent atomic oscillations between two weakly coupled Bose-Einstein condensates. The weak link is provided by a laser barrier in a (possibly asymmetric) double-well trap or by Raman coupling between two condensates in different hyperfine levels. The boson Josephson junction (BJJ) dynamics is described by the two-mode nonlinear Gross-Pitaevskii equation that is solved analytically in terms of elliptic functions. The BJJ, being a neutral, isolated system, allows the investigations of dynamical regimes for the phase difference across the junction and for the population imbalance that are not accessible with superconductor Josephson junctions (SJJ's). These include oscillations with either or both of the following properties: (i) the time-averaged value of the phase is equal to $\ensuremath{\pi} (\ensuremath{\pi}$-phase oscillations); (ii) the average population imbalance is nonzero, in states with macroscopic quantum self-trapping. The (nonsinusoidal) generalization of the SJJ ac and plasma oscillations and the Shapiro resonance can also be observed. We predict the collapse of experimental data (corresponding to different trap geometries and the total number of condensate atoms) onto a single universal curve for the inverse period of oscillations. Analogies with Josephson oscillations between two weakly coupled reservoirs of ${}^{3}\mathrm{He}\ensuremath{-}B$ and the internal Josephson effect in ${}^{3}\mathrm{He}\ensuremath{-}A$ are also discussed.
In this paper, we study the interaction-modulated tunneling dynamics of a Bose-Fermi superfluid mixture, where a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) with weak repulsive interaction is confined in a symmetric deep double-well potential and an equally populated two-component Fermi gas in a harmonic potential symmetrically is positioned in the center of the double-well potential. The tunneling between the two wells is modulated by fermions trapped in a harmonic potential. When the temperature is adequately low and the bosonic particle number is adequately large, we can employ the mean-field theory to describe the evolution of the BEC in the double-well potential through the time-dependent Gross-Pitaevskii equation. For the Fermi gas in the harmonic potential trap, we consider the case where the inter-fermion interaction is tuned on the deep Bose-Einstein condensate of the inter-fermion Feshbach resonance, where two fermions of spin-up and spin-down form a two-body bound state. Within the regime, the Fermi gas is well described by a condensate of these fermionic dimers, and hence can be simulated as well by a Gross-Pitaevskii equation of dimers. The inter-species interactions couple the dynamics of the two species, which results in interesting features in the tunneling oscillations. The dynamic equations of the BEC in the double-well potential is described by a two-mode approximation. Coupling it with time-dependent Gross-Pitaevskii equation of the harmonically potential trapped molecular BEC, we numerically investigate the dynamical evolution of the Boson-Fermi hybrid system under different initial conditions. It is found that the interaction among fermions in a harmonic potential leads to strong non-linearity in the oscillations of the bosons in the double-well potential and enriches the tunneling dynamics of the bosons. Especially, it strengthens macroscopic quantum self-trapping. And the macroscopic quantum self-trapping can be expressed in three forms: the phase tends to be negative and monotonically decreases with time, the phase evolves with time, and the phase tends to be positive and increases monotonically with time. This means that it is possible the tunneling dynamics of the BEC in double-well potential is adjustable. Our results can be verified experimentally in a Bose-Fermi superfluid mixture by varying different interaction parameters via Feshbach resonance and confinement-induced resonance.