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The Journal of Chemical Physics

Communication: Overcoming the root search problem in complex quantum trajectory calculations

Noa Zamstein, David J. Tannor

Published Jan 24, 2014• 25 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Three new developments are presented regarding the semiclassical coherent state propagator. First, we present a conceptually different derivation of Huber and Heller's method for identifying complex root trajectories and their equations of motion [D. Huber and E. J. Heller, J. Chem. Phys. 87, 5302 (1987)]. Our method proceeds directly from the time-dependent Schrödinger equation and therefore allows various generalizations of the formalism. Second, we obtain an analytic expression for the semiclassical coherent state propagator. We show that the prefactor can be expressed in a form that requires solving significantly fewer equations of motion than in alternative expressions. Third, the semiclassical coherent state propagator is used to formulate a final value representation of the time-dependent wavefunction that avoids the root search, eliminates problems with caustics and automatically includes interference. We present numerical results for the 1D Morse oscillator showing that the method may become an attractive alternative to existing semiclassical approaches.

DOI
10.1063/1.4862898

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Three new developments are presented regarding the semiclassical coherent state propagator. First, we present a conceptually different derivation of Huber and Heller's method for identifying complex root trajectories and their equations of motion [D. Huber and E. J. Heller, J. Chem. Phys. 87, 5302 (1987)]. Our method proceeds directly from the time-dependent Schrödinger equation and therefore allows various generalizations of the formalism. Second, we obtain an analytic expression for the semiclassical coherent state propagator. We show that the prefactor can be expressed in a form that requires solving significantly fewer equations of motion than in alternative expressions. Third, the semiclassical coherent state propagator is used to formulate a final value representation of the time-dependent wavefunction that avoids the root search, eliminates problems with caustics and automatically includes interference. We present numerical results for the 1D Morse oscillator showing that the method may become an attractive alternative to existing semiclassical approaches.
We study the application of the semiclassical coherent-state path-integral technique to the problem of scattering. A numerical method based on initial-value trajectories and their stability information is proposed to solve the root search for the complex trajectories that determine the semiclassical propagator. Very good agreement between the numerically exact quantum and semiclassical results for the correlation function can be achieved for scattering from one-dimensional barrier as well as well-type potentials by using just one single complex trajectory at each time.
We present a significant improvement to a complex time-dependent WKB (CWKB) formulation developed by Boiron and Lombardi [J. Chem. Phys. 108, 3431 (1998)] in which the time-dependent WKB equations are solved along classical trajectories that propagate in complex space. Boiron and Lombardi showed that the method gives very good agreement with the exact quantum mechanical result as long as the wavefunction does not exhibit interference effects such as oscillations and nodes. In this paper, we show that this limitation can be overcome by superposing the contributions of crossing trajectories. Secondly, we demonstrate that the approximation improves when incorporating higher order terms in the expansion. Thirdly, equations of motion for caustics and Stokes lines are implemented to help overcome Stokes discontinuities. These improvements could make the CWKB formulation a competitive alternative to current time-dependent semiclassical methods.
Using phase-space complexification, an Initial Value Representation (IVR) for the semiclassical propagator in position space is obtained as a composition of inverse Segal-Bargmann (S-B) transforms of the semiclassical coherent state propagator. The result is shown to be free of caustic singularities and identical to the Herman-Kluk (H-K) propagator, found ubiquitously in physical and chemical applications. We contrast the theoretical aspects of this particular IVR with the van Vleck-Gutzwiller (vV-G) propagator and one of its IVRs, often employed in order to evade the non-linear "root-search" for trajectories required by vV-G. We demonstrate that bypassing the root-search comes at the price of serious numerical instability for all IVRs except the H-K propagator. We back up our theoretical arguments with comprehensive numerical calculations performed using the homogeneous Kerr system, about which we also unveil some unexpected new phenomena, namely: (1) the observation of a clear mark of half the Ehrenfest's time in semiclassical dynamics; and (2) the accumulation of trajectories around caustics as a function of increasing time (dubbed "caustic stickiness"). We expect these phenomena to be more general than for the Kerr system alone.
In this work, we derived a semiclassical approximation for the matrix elements of a quantum propagator in coherent states (CS) basis that avoids complex trajectories; it only involves real ones. For that purpose, we used the symplectically invariant semiclassical Weyl propagator obtained by performing a stationary phase approximation (SPA) for the path integral in the Weyl representation. After that, for the transformation to CS representation SPA is avoided; instead a quadratic expansion of the complex exponent is used. This procedure also allows us to express the semiclassical CS propagator uniquely in terms of the classical evolution of the initial point without the need of any root search typical of van Vleck--Gutzwiller-based propagators. For the case of chaotic Hamiltonian systems, the explicit time dependence of the CS propagator has been obtained. The comparison with a realistic chaotic system that derives from a quadratic Hamiltonian, the cat map, reveals that the expression here derived is exact up to quadratic Hamiltonian systems.
Initial-value phase-space integral representations for a time-dependent propagator are obtained in the coordinate and momentum representations. To do so we first derive nonuniform semiclassical propagators for the various representations, obtaining the global-time semiclassical phase indices (Maslov indices) due to caustics. Results include readily implementable general phase index formulas for any type of caustic, including cases where the Morse index theorem is inapplicable. The method of obtaining the indices is general and based simply on concatenating uniform short-time propagators which also gives rise to alternative path-integral forms. Initial-value integral representations are then derived by introducing a method of extending short-time initial-value propagator formulas to global times via a simple stationary-phase asympotoic-equivalence approach. The integrals reduce to the nonuniform semiclassical propagators within the stationary-phase approximation, are uniform about caustics, and have integrand phases which properly account for the global-time phases in terms of appropriate Maslov indices. The initial-value integrals are also consistently derived via a canonical mapping procedure on the coordinate-space path integral. Initial-value integrals for time-dependent wave-function propgation are also given. Evaluation of the initial-value integral expressions do not require trajectory root searches for propagation.