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Physical Review Letters

Operator Algebra and the Determination of Critical Indices

Leo P. Kadanoff

Published Dec 22, 1969• 195 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The "reduction hypothesis" proposes that a product of nearby fluctuating local variables can be replaced by a linear combination of individual local variables. The linear combinations thereby produced are a kind of algebra of the reduction of products. A particular algebra is proposed for the two-dimensional Ising model. It is shown that a knowledge of which coefficients in the algebra are nonvanishing is sufficient to determine all critical indices.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.23.1430

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•Jan 1, 1973•0 citations
The "reduction hypothesis" proposes that a product of nearby fluctuating local variables can be replaced by a linear combination of individual local variables. The linear combinations thereby produced are a kind of algebra of the reduction of products. A particular algebra is proposed for the two-dimensional Ising model. It is shown that a knowledge of which coefficients in the algebra are nonvanishing is sufficient to determine all critical indices.
A previous publication showed how the critical indices for the two-dimensional Ising model could be derived from an assumed form of an operator algebra which describes how the product of two fluctuating variables may be reduced to a linear combination of the basic fluctuating variables. In this paper, the previously used algebra is derived from the Onsager solution of the two-dimensional Ising model. The calculation makes use of a "disorder" variable which is mathematically the result of applying the Kramers-Wannier transformation to the Ising-model spin variable. The average of products of spin and disorder variables are evaluated at the critical point for the special case in which all the variables lie on a single straight line. The ordering of these variables on the line determines a "quantum number" $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ such that the average is nonzero only for $\ensuremath{\Gamma}=0$. Composition rules for this quantum number are derived and used to develop an algebra for the multiplication of complex variables at the critical point. Arguments are given to suggest the identifications of elements of the algebra as the spin, the energy density, the Kaufman spinors, and a stress density. The result of this calculation is the operator algebra which formed the starting point of the previous paper.
We consider the critical relaxation of the Ising model, the so-called model A, and study its operator product expansion. Within perturbation theory, we focus on the operator product expansions of the two-point function and the response function. At the fixed point, we normalize the coefficients and the scaling variables so that the result displays universality. The role of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem is also discussed, and it is shown that it provides non-perturbative relations among the operator product expansion coefficients. Finally, the large N limit is considered.
We consider the critical relaxation of the Ising model, the so-called model A, and study its operator product expansion. Within perturbation theory, we focus on the operator product expansions of the two-point function and the response function. At the fixed point, we normalize the coefficients and the scaling variables so that the result displays universality. The role of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem is also discussed, and it is shown that it provides nonperturbative relations among the operator product expansion coefficients. Finally, the large N limit is considered.
High-temperature series expansions are used to test the reduction hypothesis of Kadanoff's operator algebra for the three-dimensional fcc Ising model with spin $s=\frac{3}{2},2,\ensuremath{\infty}$. Agreement with our data is convincing. Numerical values are given for the coupling coefficients between the order parameter $\ensuremath{\mu}$ and ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{3}$ and between between ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{2}$ and the local energy density.
The energy-density-energy-density correlation function is studied in the three-dimensional Ising model in zero external field, for various spins on the fcc lattice. An extension of the linked-cluster technique is used to obtain high-temperature series expansions for the correlation function and its associated functions, to at least eighth order in the high-temperature interaction variable. Analysis of the series provides values for their critical indices and amplitudes. These values are used to verify the predictions of several theories of critical behavior. The critical index of the coherence length of the energy density correlation function is found to be equal to that of the spin-spin correlation function for all spins within the accuracy obtained here. For spins higher than ~ this critical index appears to obey strong scaling. An analysis of universality indicates that only one scale factor is needed to transform the energy density correlation function from one spin to another. This prediction is checked here and found to be good within our present accuracy. The current-algebra hypothesis predicts definite relations between the leading singularities of various correlation functions at the critical point. This prediction is checked directly and consistent values of the leading coefficients are obtained. The shape of the energy density correlation function at large distances from the origin, both at and above the critical point, is determined. The results are sufficiently accurate to rule out the Ornstein-Zernike form in zero field for T > T , but not sufficient to eliminate the possibility c of anisotropy at T = T .