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Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters

Statistical reconstruction of the quantum states of three-level optical systems

Yu. I. Bogdanov, Leonid A. Krivitsky, S. P. Kulik

Published Sep 1, 2003• 21 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The procedure of measurement followed by the reconstruction of the quantum state of a three-level optical system is implemented for a frequency-and spatially degenerate two-photon field. The method of statistical estimation of the quantum state from a solution to the likelihood equation and the analysis of the statistical properties of the obtained estimators is developed. Using the root method of estimating quantum states, the initial two-photon (qutrit) wave function is reconstructed from the measured fourth-order field moments.

DOI
10.1134/1.1630126

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The procedure of measurement followed by the reconstruction of the quantum state of a three-level optical system is implemented for a frequency-and spatially degenerate two-photon field. The method of statistical estimation of the quantum state from a solution to the likelihood equation and the analysis of the statistical properties of the obtained estimators is developed. Using the root method of estimating quantum states, the initial two-photon (qutrit) wave function is reconstructed from the measured fourth-order field moments.
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Multiparametric statistical model providing stable reconstruction of parameters by observations is considered. The only general method of this kind is the root model based on the representation of the probability density as a squared absolute value of a certain function, which is referred to as a psi-function in analogy with quantum mechanics. The psi-function is represented by an expansion in terms of an orthonormal set of functions. It is shown that the introduction of the psi-function allows one to represent the Fisher information matrix as well as statistical properties of the estimator of the state vector (state estimator) in simple analytical forms. A new statistical characteristic, a confidence cone, is introduced instead of a standard confidence interval. The chi-square test is considered to test the hypotheses that the estimated vector converges to the state vector of a general population and that both samples are homogeneous. The expansion coefficients are estimated by the maximum likelihood method. The method proposed may be applied to its full extent to solve the statistical inverse problem of quantum mechanics (root estimator of quantum states). In order to provide statistical completeness of the analysis, it is necessary to perform measurements in mutually complementing experiments (according to the Bohr terminology). The maximum likelihood technique and likelihood equation are generalized in order to analyze quantum mechanical experiments. It is shown that the requirement for the expansion to be of a root kind can be considered as a quantization condition making it possible to choose systems described by quantum mechanics from all statistical models consistent, on average, with the laws of classical mechanics.
We present a simple method to reconstruct the mode distribution of multimode classical and nonclassical optical fields using a single measurement of higher-order photon number correlation functions. Knowing the underlying number and structure of occupied modes of a light field plays a crucial role in minimizing loss and decoherence of quantum information. Typically, full characterization of the mode structure involves a series of several separate measurements in spatial, temporal, frequency, and polarization domains. We experimentally demonstrate reconstruction of up to three modes with excellent agreement and study the robustness of our method in experimentally realizable regimes.