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Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics

Long distance quantum communication over a noisy channel

Chao Han, Zheng-Wei Zhou, Guang‐Can Guo

Published Mar 21, 2006• 16 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The creation of a quantum network is an important goal of quantum information processing. Long distance quantum communication with high fidelity is the main obstacle in achieving this goal. A scheme to transmit qubits without fidelity decrease over the noisy channel is presented. Using the idea of ‘time-bin entanglement’, the scheme works without any auxiliary particles and there is no resources increase with the length of the channel. A protocol proposed by Kalamidas [18] is suitable to realize our scheme with the current experimental technology.

DOI
10.1088/0953-4075/39/7/010

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The creation of a quantum network is an important goal of quantum information processing. Long distance quantum communication with high fidelity is the main obstacle in achieving this goal. A scheme to transmit qubits without fidelity decrease over the noisy channel is presented. Using the idea of ‘time-bin entanglement’, the scheme works without any auxiliary particles and there is no resources increase with the length of the channel. A protocol proposed by Kalamidas [18] is suitable to realize our scheme with the current experimental technology.
We consider the problem of creating a long-distance entangled state between two stations of a network, where neighboring nodes are connected by noisy quantum channels. We show that any two stations can share an entangled pair if the effective probability for the quantum errors is below a certain threshold, which is achieved by a local encoding of the qubits and a global bit-flip correction. In contrast to the conventional quantum-repeater schemes, we do not need to store the qubits in quantum memory for a long time: our protocol is a one-shot process (i.e., the elementary entangled pairs are used only once) involving one-way classical communication. Furthermore, the overhead of local resources increases only logarithmically with the size of the network, making our proposal favorable to long-distance quantum communication.
High-dimensional entanglement not only offers a high security level for quantum communication but also promises improved information capacity and noise resistance of the system. However, due to various constraints on different high-dimensional degrees of freedom, whether these advantages can bring improvement to the actual implementation is still not well proven. Here we present a scheme to fully utilize these advantages over long-distance noisy fiber channels. We exploit polarization and time-bin hyperentanglement to achieve high-dimensional coding, and observe significant enhancements in secure key rates and noise tolerance that surpass the capabilities of qubit systems. Moreover, the demonstration achieves a distribution up to 50 km, which is the longest distance for high-dimensional entanglement-based quantum key distribution up to date, to our knowledge. Our demonstration validates the potential of high-dimensional entanglement for quantum communications over long-distance noisy channels, paving the way for a resilient and resource-efficient quantum network.
Faithful transmission of quantum information over noisy channel is an essential requisite for quantum communication and distributed quantum computing. Here we experimentally demonstrate a noise-rejecting scheme for single-photon qubits transmission, resorting to neither ancillary photons nor globally entangled resources. Employing the unbalanced polarization interferometer, the polarization qubits are transformed to time-bin degrees of freedom. Meanwhile, the deterministic transmission of quantum states with high fidelity can be achieved. We find that the immunity of time-bin encoded qubits against collective noise paves the way to practical quantum error-correction and rejection in long-distance quantum communication.
Error-free transmission (EFT) of quantum information is a crucial ingredient in quantum communication network. To overcome the unavoidable decoherence in noisy channel, to date, many efforts have focused on faithfully transmitting one state by consuming large numbers of synchronized ancillary states. However, huge demands of quantum resources are hard to meet with current technology, thus restrict practical applications. Here we propose and demonstrate an economical method of reliably transmitting quantum information. An arbitrary unknown quantum state is converted into time bins deterministically in terms of its own polarization using a modified Franson interferometer. Any arisen noise in channel will induce an associated error to the reference frame of the time bins, which can be utilized to reject errors and recover the initial state. By virtue of state-independent feature, our method can be applied to entanglement distribution. After passing through 0.8 km randomly twisted optical fiber, the entanglement still survives and is verified. Our approach significantly simplifies the implementation of quantum EFT and enables a general quantum state even entanglement to be protected by feedback, thus can be used as a basic building block in practical long-distance quantum communication network.
A scheme is proposed for generating a long-distance two-photon entangled state in a noisy channel with the help of a cross-Kerr medium and photon number measurement via time-bin encoding and decoding. In the scheme, the influence of the noise can be eliminated effectively through time-bin encoding and decoding, the photon number detector is used to distinguish vacuum and nonvacuum states, and the minus conditional phase shift is not required. The method is also useful in other types of large-scale and long-distance quantum information processing via noisy channels.
We present a strategy to generate long-range entanglement in noisy quantum networks. We consider a cubic lattice whose bonds are partially entangled mixed states of two qubits, and where quantum operations can be applied perfectly at the nodes. In contrast to protocols designed for one- or two-dimensional regular lattices, we find that entanglement can be created between arbitrarily distant qubits if the fidelity of the bonds is higher than a critical value, independent of the system size. Therefore, we show that a constant overhead of local resources, together with connections of finite fidelity, is sufficient to achieve long-distance quantum communication in noisy networks.