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Progress of Theoretical Physics

On the Phonon-Phonon Interaction in a System of Bose Particles

Sigenobu Sunakawa, Yoshimatsu Yokoo, Hiroshi Nakatani

Published Jul 1, 1962• 7 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The definite expression of the phonon-phonon interaction in a Bose system is derived up to the order of N-1 in terms of the density operator and its exact canonical conjugate which was introduced in the previous papers. We find some mathematical ambiguity in the course of calculation, and clarify the reason why the different results were obtained so far. The validity of our formalism is discussed from the physical point of view.

DOI
10.1143/ptp.28.127

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The definite expression of the phonon-phonon interaction in a Bose system is derived up to the order of N-1 in terms of the density operator and its exact canonical conjugate which was introduced in the previous papers. We find some mathematical ambiguity in the course of calculation, and clarify the reason why the different results were obtained so far. The validity of our formalism is discussed from the physical point of view.
The stability of phonons in Bose systems is considered. It is noted that the phonons in helium II are stable against decay into two or more phonons, in contrast to the low-density Bose gas where the lifetime for decay of one phonon into two is finite and has been calculated by several authors. The consequences of phonon stability for allowable mechanisms of phonon-phonon interaction are considered. It is concluded that virtual three-phonon processes may still occur although energy-conserving three-phonon processes cannot take place. The inclusion of such virtual processes makes it plausible that the interactions between excitations can be weak, even though the linewidths measured in neutron scattering are larger than the line shifts. The quantum hydrodynamics of Landau and Khalatnikov including nonlinear terms is considered as a calculational model. In this theory the stability of the phonons is indeterminate and must be legislated. If the phonons are assumed unstable against decay, the phonon lifetime in the low-density and long-wavelength limit can be calculated, and is in agreement with the result for the atomic theory of the low-density Bose gas. This lends considerable plausibility to the quantitative validity of the Landau-Khalatnikov calculation of phonon-phonon scattering in helium II via an almost energy-conserving intermediate one-phonon state. The paper concludes by comparing the results of an idealized neutron scattering experiment as calculated from the Feynman-Cohen point of view, and from the point of view of the theory of the low-density Bose gas.
The ground-state energy of a system of interacting N-bosons is investigated in a collective formalism. Ultraviolet divergences in perturbation calculations are eliminated by the introduction of quasi-particle operators which are related by a nonlinear canonical transformation to the collective variables, i.e., the density fluctuation operators and their canonical conjugates. The transformation is presented in terms of a series in powers of N−1/2. The ground-state energy appears as a series in powers of N−1. The perturbation contributions of order N−2 to the ground-state energy are calculated. Most of these contributions can be incorporated into the lower order ones which agree with the previously obtained results.
We present a microscopic derivation of the master equation for the condensate density matrix for an interacting Bogoliubov-Bose gas of N atoms. We choose the interaction Hamiltonian in a special way that substantially simplifies the master equation, yielding no coupling between diagonal and off-diagonal terms. The present formulation allows us to solve the problem analytically in a steady state and obtain the expression for the distribution function and equilibrium condensate fluctuations. For the first two central moments, our results are equivalent to those obtained in the canonical-ensemble quasiparticle formalism [V. V. Kocharovsky, Vl. V. Kocharovsky, and M. O. Scully, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 2306 (2000); Phys. Rev. A 61, 053606 (2000)], in the low-temperature range where these papers are valid, but also give an accurate description at high temperatures. The present analysis for an interacting Bose gas is as accurate as the master equation approach of Kocharovsky et al. [Phys. Rev. A 61, 023609 (2000)] is for an ideal gas.