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Photonics Letters of Poland

Microwave spectroscopy for diagnostics of nitrogen vacancy defects in diamond samples

Daniel Rudnicki, Mariusz Mrózek, Janusz Młynarczyk, Wojciech Gawlik

Published Dec 31, 2013• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A setup is described that combines microwave spectroscopy with optical excitation and detection of luminescence of NV - colour centers in diamond crystals. The parameters of the system (design of the microwave antenna, microwave power and timing, and fast optical detection) allow studies of relaxation properties of the NV - defects and manipulation of their spin properties. Full Text: PDF References Bradac, C., Gaebel, T. and Rabeau, J. R., Nitrogen-Vacancy Color Centers in Diamond: Properties, Synthesis, and Applications, in Optical Engineering of Diamond (eds R. P. Mildren and J. R. Rabeau), Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany (2013). CrossRef C.-C. Fu, H.-Y. Lee, K. Chen, T.-S. Lim, H.-Y. Wu, P.-K. Lin, P.-K. Wei, P.-H. Tsao, H.-C. Chang, and W. Fann, "Characterization and application of single fluorescent nanodiamonds as cellular biomarkers", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 727 (2007). CrossRef P. Neumann, R. Kolesov, B. Naydenov, J. Beck, F. Rempp, M. Steiner, V. Jacques, G. Balasubramanian, M. L. Markham, D. J. Twitchen, S. Pezzagna, J. Meijer, J. Twamley, F. Jelezko, and J. Wrachtrup, "Quantum register based on coupled electron spins in a room-temperature solid", Nature Phys. 6, 249 (2010). CrossRef J. M. Taylor, P. Cappellaro, L. Childress, L. Jiang, D. Budker, P. R. Hemmer, A. Yacoby, R. Walsworth, and M. D. Lukin, "High-sensitivity diamond magnetometer with nanoscale resolution", Nature Phys. 4, 810 (2008). CrossRef N. R. S. Reddy, N. B. Manson, and E. R. Krausz, "Two-laser spectral hole burning in a colour centre in diamond", Journal of Luminescence 38, 46 (1987) CrossRef F. Jelezko, T. Gaebel, I. Popa, A. Gruber, and J. Wrachtrup, "Observation of Coherent Oscillations in a Single Electron Spin", Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 076401 (2004) CrossRef

DOI
10.4302/plp.2013.4.08

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A setup is described that combines microwave spectroscopy with optical excitation and detection of luminescence of NV - colour centers in diamond crystals. The parameters of the system (design of the microwave antenna, microwave power and timing, and fast optical detection) allow studies of relaxation properties of the NV - defects and manipulation of their spin properties. Full Text: PDF References Bradac, C., Gaebel, T. and Rabeau, J. R., Nitrogen-Vacancy Color Centers in Diamond: Properties, Synthesis, and Applications, in Optical Engineering of Diamond (eds R. P. Mildren and J. R. Rabeau), Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany (2013). CrossRef C.-C. Fu, H.-Y. Lee, K. Chen, T.-S. Lim, H.-Y. Wu, P.-K. Lin, P.-K. Wei, P.-H. Tsao, H.-C. Chang, and W. Fann, "Characterization and application of single fluorescent nanodiamonds as cellular biomarkers", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 727 (2007). CrossRef P. Neumann, R. Kolesov, B. Naydenov, J. Beck, F. Rempp, M. Steiner, V. Jacques, G. Balasubramanian, M. L. Markham, D. J. Twitchen, S. Pezzagna, J. Meijer, J. Twamley, F. Jelezko, and J. Wrachtrup, "Quantum register based on coupled electron spins in a room-temperature solid", Nature Phys. 6, 249 (2010). CrossRef J. M. Taylor, P. Cappellaro, L. Childress, L. Jiang, D. Budker, P. R. Hemmer, A. Yacoby, R. Walsworth, and M. D. Lukin, "High-sensitivity diamond magnetometer with nanoscale resolution", Nature Phys. 4, 810 (2008). CrossRef N. R. S. Reddy, N. B. Manson, and E. R. Krausz, "Two-laser spectral hole burning in a colour centre in diamond", Journal of Luminescence 38, 46 (1987) CrossRef F. Jelezko, T. Gaebel, I. Popa, A. Gruber, and J. Wrachtrup, "Observation of Coherent Oscillations in a Single Electron Spin", Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 076401 (2004) CrossRef
Abstract The nitrogen vacancy and some nickel related defects in diamond can be observed as single quantum systems in diamond by their fluorescence. The fabrication of single colour centres occurs via generation of vacancies or via controlled nitrogen implantation in the case of the nitrogen vacancy (NV) centre. The NV centre shows an electron paramagnetic ground and optically excited state. As a result electron and nuclear magnetic resonance can be carried out on single defects. Due to the localized nature of the electron spin wavefunction hyperfine coupling to nuclei more than one lattice constant away from the defect as dominated by dipolar interaction. As a consequence the coupling to close nuclei leads to a splitting in the spectrum which allows for optically detected electron nuclear double resonance. The contribution discusses the physics of the NV and other defect centre from the perspective of single defect centre spectroscopy. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
NV center in diamond is attracting a lot of attention in quantum information processing community [1]. Been spin system in clean and well-controlled environment of diamond it shows outstanding performance as quantum memory even at room temperature, spin control with single shot optical readout and possibility to build up quantum registers even on single NV center. Moreover, NV centers could be used as high-resolution sensitive elements of detectors of magnetic or electric field, temperature, tension, force or rotation. For all of these applications collection of the light emitted by NV center is crucial point. There were number of approaches suggested to address this issue, proposing use of surface plasmoms [2], manufacturing structures in diamond [3] etc. One of the key feature of any practically important interface is compatibility with the fiber technology. Several groups attacking this problem using various approaches. One of them is placing of nanodiamonds in the holes of photonic crystal fiber [4], another is utilization of AFM to pick and place nanodiamond on the tapered fiber[5]. We have developed a novel technique of placing a nanodiamond with single NV center on the tapered fiber by controlled transfer of a nanodiamond from one “donor” tapered fiber to the “target” clean tapered fiber. We verify our ability to transfer only single color centers by means of measurement of second order correlation function. With this technique, we were able to double collection efficiency of confocal microscope. The majority of the factors limiting the collection of photons via optical fiber are technical and may be removed allowing order of magnitude improved in collection. We also discuss number of extensions of this technique to all fiber excitation and integration with nanostructures. References: [1] Marcus W. Doherty, Neil B. Manson, Paul Delaney, Fedor Jelezko, Jörg Wrachtrup, Lloyd C.L. Hollenberg , " The nitrogen-vacancy colour centre in diamond," Physics Reports, vol. 528, no. 1, p. 1–45, 2013. [2] A.V. Akimov, A. Mukherjee, C.L. Yu, D.E. Chang, A.S. Zibrov, P.R. Hemmer, H. Park and M.D. Lukin, "Generation of single optical plasmons in metallic nanowires coupled to quantum dots," Nature, vol. 450, p. 402–406, 2007. [3] Michael J. Burek , Yiwen Chu, Madelaine S.Z. Liddy, Parth Patel, Jake Rochman , Srujan Meesala, Wooyoung Hong, Qimin Quan, Mikhail D. Lukin and Marko Loncar High quality-factor optical nanocavities in bulk single-crystal diamond, Nature communications 6718 (2014) [4] Tim Schroder, Andreas W. Schell, Gunter Kewes, Thomas Aichele, and Oliver Benson Fiber-Integrated Diamond-Based Single Photon Source, Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 198-202 [5]Lars Liebermeister, et. al. “Tapered fiber coupling of single photons emitted by a deterministically positioned single nitrogen vacancy center”, Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 031101 (2014)
Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defect centers in diamond have generated much interest for their uses in quantum information and sensing. Despite the ongoing improvements in sensitivity and the range of new applications, much about the NV basic physics remains unresolved, which is important to understand in order to fully exploit potential uses. In this work I describe a series of experiments on NV basic properties, applications, and projects in between. First, I describe an NV singlet absorption spectroscopy experiment, which searched for additional NV electronic states and studied the 1A1 phonon modes. Next, I discuss an NV microwave saturation spectroscopy experiment, which is useful for NV thermometry, removes inhomogeneous broadening, and can yield information about diamond magnetic spin bath dynamics. I then describe an NV relaxation experiment that senses GHz-frequency magnetic noise, which we demonstrated using paramagnetic substitutional nitrogen (P1) centers. Finally, I describe open questions on the NV singlet states, saturation spectroscopy, and relaxation (and how to address them), and report on my ongoing work on using NVs for nuclear polarization and rotation sensing.