Physical Review A
Generalized adiabatic following approximation
Robert H. Lehmberg, John F. Reintjes
Abstract
The response of a two-level atom to a smoothly varying near-resonant driving pulse can be described by the usual adiabatic-following approximation if the conditions $\frac{{T}_{1}^{\ensuremath{-}1},{T}_{2}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{\ll}{t}_{p}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{\ll}\ensuremath{\Omega}(t)}{2\ensuremath{\pi}}$ are satisfied throughout the pulse. Here, $\ensuremath{\Omega}(t)={[{\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{2}(t)+\frac{{p}^{2}{\mathcal{E}}^{2}(t)}{{\ensuremath{\hbar}}^{2}}]}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ is the atomic precession frequency, $\ensuremath{\Delta}(t)$ the detuning, $\mathcal{E}(t)$ the field envelope, ${t}_{p}$ the effective pulse width, and ${T}_{1}$ and ${T}_{2}$ the atomic level and phase relaxation times, respectively. From Bloch's equations, we have developed a generalized version of this approximation applicable to cases where ${T}_{1}$ and ${T}_{2}$ can be comparable to or less than ${t}_{p}$. It allows the condition ${T}_{1}^{\ensuremath{-}1}, {T}_{2}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{\ll}{t}_{p}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ to be replaced by the weaker requirement ${T}_{1}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$,$\frac{{T}_{2}^{\ensuremath{-}1}{p}^{2}{\mathcal{E}}^{2}(t)}{{\ensuremath{\hbar}}^{2}{\ensuremath{\Omega}}^{2}(t)\ensuremath{\ll}\ensuremath{\Omega}(t)}$. If ${T}_{1}\ensuremath{\gg}{t}_{p}$, the atomic Bloch vector remains aligned nearly parallel to the effective driving field $\mathcal{E}(t)$, 0, $\frac{\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\Delta}(t)}{p}$) in the rotating reference frame (as in the pure adiabatic following case); however, it decays in length if ${T}_{2}$ is comparable to ${t}_{p}$. The approximation bridges the gap between pure adiabatic following behavior for ${t}_{p}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{\gg}{T}_{1}^{\ensuremath{-}1}, {T}_{2}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and rate-equation behavior for ${t}_{p}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{\ll}{T}_{2}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{\approx}\ensuremath{\Omega}(t)$, thereby allowing a more complete description of phenomena such as adiabatic inversion and resonantly enhanced self-focusing and defocusing.