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The Journal of Chemical Physics

Quantum mechanics with the basis set guided by Ehrenfest trajectories: Theory and application to spin-boson model

Dmitrii V. Shalashilin

Published Jun 22, 2009• 157 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this article a method of numerical solution of the Schrodinger equation is proposed. The approach corrects the Ehrenfest approximation by using several trajectories/configurations with their amplitudes coupled within and across configurations, thus making the method formally exact. Accurate results are obtained for the spin-boson model with up to 2000 bath modes treated on fully quantum level without approximations.

DOI
10.1063/1.3153302

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In this article a method of numerical solution of the Schrodinger equation is proposed. The approach corrects the Ehrenfest approximation by using several trajectories/configurations with their amplitudes coupled within and across configurations, thus making the method formally exact. Accurate results are obtained for the spin-boson model with up to 2000 bath modes treated on fully quantum level without approximations.
We apply a numerical method based on multiconfigurational Ehrenfest trajectories and demonstrate converged results for the Choi fidelity of an entangling quantum gate between two two-level systems interacting through a set of bosonic modes. We consider both spin-boson and rotating-wave Hamiltonians for various numbers of mediating modes (from 1 to 100) and extend our treatment to include finite temperatures. Our results apply to two-level impurities interacting with the same band of a photonic crystal or to two distant ions interacting with the same set of motional degrees of freedom.
The feasibility of using a basis set approach to the study of quantum dissipative dynamics is investigated for the spin-boson model, a system of two discrete states linearly coupled to a harmonic bath. The infinite Hamiltonian is discretized to a finite number of degrees of freedom. Traditional basis set approach, in a multiconfiguration time-dependent Hartree context, is used to solve the time-dependent Schrödinger equations by explicitly including all the degrees of freedom (“system”+“bath”). Quantities such as the reduced density matrix are then evaluated via a quadrature summation/Monte Carlo procedure over a certain number of time-dependent wave functions. Numerically exact results are obtained by systematically increasing the number of bath modes used to represent the condensed phase environment, as well as other variational parameters (number of basis functions, configurations, etc.). The potential of the current method is briefly discussed.
We study a new model for treating quantum dissipative systems, in which the bath is modeled as a collection of spins coupled to the system of interest. We develop a quasiclassical method to study this model, approximating the quantum Heisenberg equations by the classical ones, supplemented with stochastic initial conditions carefully chosen so that the results obtained from the classical equations are as close as possible to the quantum results. Using this method we compare the dynamics of such a spin–spin system with that of a spin–boson system, in which the bath is modeled as a collection of harmonic oscillators. We verify numerically that when the system-bath coupling is spread over many bath spins (the Brownian motion limit), the spin–spin model can be mapped on the spin–boson model (although with a temperature dependent spectral density). We also demonstrate that the two dissipative models are qualitatively very different in a non-Brownian motion regime.
We develop a systematic and efficient approach for numerically solving the non-Markovian quantum state diffusion equation for an open quantum system that can be strongly coupled to an environment. As an important application, we consider a real-time simulation of a spin-boson model in a strong-coupling regime that is difficult to deal with using conventional methods. We show that the non-Markovian stochastic Schr\"odinger equation can be efficiently implemented as a real-time simulation for this model, so as to give an accurate description of spin-boson dynamics beyond the rotating-wave approximation.
Previously, we introduced two versions of the Multiconfigurational Ehrenfest (MCE) approach to high dimensional quantum dynamics. It has been shown that the first version, MCEv1, converges well to the existing benchmarks for high dimensional model systems. At the same time, it was found that the second version, MCEv2, had more difficulty converging in some regimes. As MCEv2 is particularly suited for direct dynamics, it is important to facilitate its convergence. This paper investigates an efficient method of basis set sampling, called Quantum Superposition Sampling (QSS), which dramatically improves the performance of the MCEv2 approach. QSS is tested on the spin-boson model, often used for modeling of open quantum systems. It is also shown that the quantum subsystem in the spin-boson model can be conveniently treated with the help of two level system coherent states. Generalized coherent states, which combine two level system coherent states for the description of the system and Gaussian coherent states for description of the bath, are introduced. Various forms of quantum equations of motion in the basis of generalized coherent states can be developed by analogy with known quantum dynamics equations in the basis of Gaussian coherent states; in particular, the multiconfigurational Ehrenfest method becomes a version of coupled generalized coherent states, and QSS can then be viewed as a generalization of a sampling method known for the existing coupled coherent states method which uses Gaussian coherent states.