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Quantum Optics Journal of the European Optical Society Part B

Atomic coherence effects within the sodium D1manifold. II. Coherent optical pumping

Dmitri E. Nikonov, Ulrich W. Rathe, Marlan O. Scully, Shi-Yao Zhu, Edward S. Fry, Xingfu Li, Gunasiri G. Padmabandu, Michael Fleischhauer

Published Aug 1, 1994• 17 citations
Publisher

Abstract

For pt. I see ibid. p. 231, 1994. We consider optical pumping in the multilevel sodium D 1 manifold by several coherent light fields. Coherence between atomic states is taken into account by solving the complete density matrix equations. The manifestation of population trapping and the variation of transmitted light intensity are predicted numerically and verified experimentally for the sodium D 1 line. The influence of relaxation and Doppler broadening is elucidated. The interaction of a strong and a weak field is shown to create electromagnetically induced transparency.

DOI
10.1088/0954-8998/6/4/004

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For pt. I see ibid. p. 231, 1994. We consider optical pumping in the multilevel sodium D 1 manifold by several coherent light fields. Coherence between atomic states is taken into account by solving the complete density matrix equations. The manifestation of population trapping and the variation of transmitted light intensity are predicted numerically and verified experimentally for the sodium D 1 line. The influence of relaxation and Doppler broadening is elucidated. The interaction of a strong and a weak field is shown to create electromagnetically induced transparency.
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We present the results of a pump-probe laser spectroscopic investigation of the Doppler-broadened sodium D1D1D1 resonance line. We find 13 resonances in the resulting spectra. These observations are well described by the numerical predictions of a four-level atomic model of the hyperfine structure of the sodium D1D1D1 line. We also find that many, but not all, of these features can be understood in terms of processes originating in a two-level or three-level subset of the full four-level model. The processes we observed include forward near-degenerate four-wave mixing and saturation in a two-level system, difference-frequency crossing and nondegenerate four-wave mixing in a three-level V system, electromagnetically induced transparency and optical pumping in a three-level lambda system, cross-transition resonance in a four-level double-lambda system, and conventional optical pumping. Most of these processes lead to sub-Doppler or even subnatural linewidths. The dependence of these resonances on the pump intensity and pump detuning from atomic resonance are also studied.
Atomic coherence effects within the sodium D1{\mathit{D}}_{1}D1​ line are shown to lead to the suppression of optical pumping, to the switching of light on and off when the coherence effects are turned on and off, and especially to lasing without inversion.
We consider the coherent population trapping phenomenon in a thermal sodium atomic beam. We compare the different coherent population trapping schemes that can be established on the D1 line using the Zeeman sublevels of a given ground hyperfine state. The coherent population trapping preparation is examined by means of a Hanle effect configuration. The efficiency of the coherent population trapping phenomenon has been examined in presence of optical pumping into hyperfine levels external to those of the excited transition. We show that both the contrast and the width of the coherent population trapping resonance strongly decrease when the optical pumping rate is increased. In the experiment, the loss rate due to optical pumping has been controlled by means of a laser repump of variable intensity.
This work is concerned with the temporal evolution of the coherent population trapping (CPT) process in the case of additional optical pumping to states not contributing to the CPT superposition states. Special attention is paid to the influence of weak external magnetic fields that can change the laser-atom interaction considerably. The theoretical analysis is completed by experimental observations on a sodium atomic beam, which show good agreement with our theory. The results obtained are of importance for a realistic picture of CPT schemes in practical applications.