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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

Self-Pulsing in Prism Coupling into Planar Absorbing SiO2-T1O2 Waveguides

V. Briguet, P. Pirani, W. Lukosz

Published Jan 1, 1987• 1 citation

Abstract

Self-pulsing optical systems produce at constant input power P an output power PR (t)varying periodically with time t. Self-pulsing (SP) in nonlinear Fabry Perots and hybrid systems is well known. We reported the first known observation of SP in prism coupling into planar waveguides [1]. Recently we identified the physical mechanism of the SP and we shaved that SP occurs in a wider class of waveguide materials [2]. We also demonstrated that the same prism-waveguide system can exhibit SP, optical bistability (0B), and a special form of bistability (0B/SP), where at the same constant input power P the output power P is either constant in time or self-pulsing. In the present paper we present more experimental material and discuss the physical effects determining the system's behaviour.

DOI: 10.1117/12.967383

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Self-pulsing optical systems produce at constant input power P an output power PR (t)varying periodically with time t. Self-pulsing (SP) in nonlinear Fabry Perots and hybrid systems is well known. We reported the first known observation of SP in prism coupling into planar waveguides [1]. Recently we identified the physical mechanism of the SP and we shaved that SP occurs in a wider class of waveguide materials [2]. We also demonstrated that the same prism-waveguide system can exhibit SP, optical bistability (0B), and a special form of bistability (0B/SP), where at the same constant input power P the output power P is either constant in time or self-pulsing. In the present paper we present more experimental material and discuss the physical effects determining the system's behaviour.

We investigated theoretically and experimentally a new type of cptical bistability (0B) in prism coupling into absorbing planar waveguides. Origin of this (B is the thermal expansion of the substrate (and the waveguiding film) and of the prism, due to heating by the part P = P of the incoupled power which is absorbed in the incoupling region. This expansion causes a reduction in the width d of the air gap between the prism coupler and the waveguide in the ompling region. Since the incoupling efficiency is a function of d, positive feedback, and therefore as, can occur. At the same input power Pa, the system has two bistable states, which differ in gap width d, in absorbed power Pa, and consequently in output (reflected) power PR. (see Fig. 1).

We have identified photothermal displacement as a mechanism for optical bistability (OB) in prism coupling into absorbing planar waveguides: heating by the absorbed incoupled power causes a buckling of the waveguide, a reduction in air-gap width, and thus an increase in incoupling efficiency and a positive feedback. We developed a theory of this OB that qualitatively agrees well with experimental results obtained by coupling argon-laser light into indium-tin oxide layers as strongly absorbing waveguides. This new OB is quite different from dispersive OB in prism or grating couplers caused by a power-dependent effective guide index.

The dynamic properties of a Fabry–Perot interferometer filled with a material exhibiting second-order dispersive nonlinearity are studied both theoretically and experimentally. The response of the medium is described by an intensity dependent phase constant as derived from self-action effects. Considering two relaxation times, that of the material and that of the cavity, the basic relations for the stability analysis and for the numerical calculations are obtained. Bistability and self-pulsing effects are predicted. Moreover, the transient behavior is characterized by anomalous switching properties like overshoot and alternate switching. The corresponding experiments performed on a nonlinear transmission line resonator confirm the theoretical results. In a final discussion, the relations to the field of nonlinear optics are outlined.

Kerr-type leaky resonators are distributed couplers. They can be prism or \ngrating couplers, Fabry-Pérot's or multilayer devices all which include a nonlinear \nmedium that exhibits the optical Kerr effect [IX. 1 and IX.2]. One of the key features of \nthe optical Kerr effect is that it gives rise to a light-intensity dependent refractive index, \nallowing in this way to control light with light [IX.3]. This constitutes a fascinating field \nof nonlinear optics. The resulting all-optical interactions lead to numerous manifestations \nranging from optical bistability to "exotic" behavior such as self-pulsing, chaos, strange \npattern, light bullets, etc. The first observations of optical bistability date back to the \n1970s [ІХ.4-ІХ.7]. A proper study of these effects requires the development of a spatiotemporal theory of the optical Kerr effect in leaky resonators [IX.8].