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Journal of Physics A Mathematical and General

Thermodynamics of the quantum Toda lattice

M Hader, Franz G. Mertens

Published Jul 11, 1986• 14 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A linear chain with exponential plus linear interactions (Toda lattice) can be mapped by the Bethe ansatz to a Fermi gas. The thermodynamics is treated by analogy to the delta-function Bose gas (Yang and Yang). Analytical solutions are given for the strongly anharmonic regime and low temperatures; the general case is treated numerically. For the case of weak anharmonicity the specific heats are compared with earlier approximate calculations. The anharmonic part of the specific heat is shown to be not very different from the corresponding classical result which can be interpreted as the specific heat of an ideal gas of solitons. For the quantum case the soliton-gas picture needs further investigation.

DOI
10.1088/0305-4470/19/10/032

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A linear chain with exponential plus linear interactions (Toda lattice) can be mapped by the Bethe ansatz to a Fermi gas. The thermodynamics is treated by analogy to the delta-function Bose gas (Yang and Yang). Analytical solutions are given for the strongly anharmonic regime and low temperatures; the general case is treated numerically. For the case of weak anharmonicity the specific heats are compared with earlier approximate calculations. The anharmonic part of the specific heat is shown to be not very different from the corresponding classical result which can be interpreted as the specific heat of an ideal gas of solitons. For the quantum case the soliton-gas picture needs further investigation.
Thermodynamics of the quantum Toda lattice is studied based on Gutzwiller's quantization condition and Yang - Yang's thermodynamic formulation. It is shown that Gutzwiller's quantization condition becomes identical to the Bethe ansatz equation in the thermodynamic limit. We have calculated the thermodynamic averages of the energy, higher-order conserved quantities and the specific heat. The average energy and the specific heat become close to those of the classical Toda lattice in the high temperature limit, while they are similar to those of a harmonic chain in the low temperature limit.
In our previous work thermodynamics of two-componet (soliton and phonon) gas is constructed from the Yang-Yang equation for one-component integrable quantum gas. We call this the two-component Bethe ansatz (TCBA) scheme. The method is applied to the Toda lattice and its classical limit is analyzed. The key parameter kF which distinguishes solitons from phonons within the TCBA scheme is chosen such that the resultant equations for effective energies of the modes coincide with those expected from the simple-minded ideal-gas phenomenology. The soliton specific heat exhibits a peculiar temperature dependence at low temperatures. It is however compensated with the anharmonic part of phonons.
The Bethe-ansatz (BA) equation for the classical sine-Gordon (SG) thermodynamics is shown to reduce to the one for the classical Toda lattice within two approximations; the phonon-phonon interactions are neglected (the harmonic phonon) and solitons are treated nonrelativistically. Within these approximations the solitons in the SG model correspond to the particles in the Toda lattice. Making use of an analytical solution of the BA equation for the classical Toda lattice due to Opper, we obtain an analytical solution of the approximate SG equation. We propose also a similar approximate BA equation for the ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{4}$ model, although the ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{4}$ model does not have the BA equation for the classical thermodynamics.
A review of the classical and quantum thermodynamic properties of the Toda chain is provided, together with a survey of the techniques that have been used to work them out, i.e., the bilateral Laplace transform method for the classical system, the Bethe–Ansatz and the variational path-integral approach for the quantum one. For the classical Toda chain we also recall some of the main dynamical features, i.e. the integrability of the model and the soliton-like solutions of the equations of motion. In the quantum case a comparison between the Bethe–Ansatz and the variational method is made. In particular it is shown as the latter offers the possibility of also evaluating static correlation functions.