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Frontiers in Optics

Testing Complementarity With Quantum Entangled Photons

Sean J. Bentley

Published Jan 1, 2006• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Entangled photons are used to explore complementarity, with one sent through a double-slit without direct observation and the second used to indirectly determine the which-slit information of the first photon.
DOI
10.1364/fio.2006.jwd98

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Quantum mechanics predicts that which-path information is complementary with fringe visibility in a double-slit interferometer. Traditionally, this was demonstrated on the basis of the assumption that direct path detection necessitates violations of the uncertainty principle. However, there have been recent attempts to prove that uncertainty is subordinated to complementarity and, therefore, fringe visibility should diminish with path-detection even when the uncertainty principle is not violated. This debate can be solved with a simple experimental set-up, which allows for indirect which-path determination.
The precise knowledge of one of two complementary experimental outcomes prevents us from obtaining complete information about the other one. This formulation of Niels Bohr's principle of complementarity when applied to the paradigm of wave-particle dualism--that is, to Young's double-slit experiment--implies that the information about the slit through which a quantum particle has passed erases interference. In the present paper we report a double-slit experiment using two photons created by spontaneous parametric down-conversion where we observe interference in the signal photon despite the fact that we have located it in one of the slits due to its entanglement with the idler photon. This surprising aspect of complementarity comes to light by our special choice of the TEM(01) pump mode. According to quantum field theory the signal photon is then in a coherent superposition of two distinct wave vectors giving rise to interference fringes analogous to two mechanical slits.
Young's 1D-dimension-double-slit experiments represent the basic mystery of quantum world and was extended to which-way-1D-double-slit experiment. To explore the mystery, 2D-cross-double-slit diaphragm have been proposed, which consists of more than one double-slits intersecting to each other at the same spot. In this article, the extended which-way 2D cross-double slit experiments are presented to test the normal interpretation of the which way experiments. The experimental results show that photons passing through the detected double-slit behave as particle, while photons passing through other undetected double-slit(s) distribute as wave in the same experiment with the same diaphragm. Namely the particle nature and wave distribution coexist, which violates Bohr's complementarity principle. It is a challenge to interpret those observations consistently.