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Nature

In situ observation of incompressible Mott-insulating domains in ultracold atomic gases

Nathan Gemelke, Xibo Zhang, Chen-Lung Hung, Cheng Chin

Published Aug 1, 2009• 359 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1038/nature08244

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arXiv:1407.1000•Jul 3, 2014•0 citations
We present a direct measurement of the density profile of a two-dimensional Mott Insulator formed by ultracold atoms in an optical lattice. High resolution absorption imaging is used to probe the "wedding-cake" structure of a trapped gas as it crosses the boundary from a unit-filled Mott insulating phase to the superfluid phase at finite temperature. Detailed analysis of images yields measurements of temperature and local compressibility; for the latter we observe a strong suppression deep in the Mott-insulating phase, which is recovered for the superfluid and normal phases. Furthermore, we measure spatially resolved fluctuations in the local density, showing a suppression of fluctuations in the insulator. Results are consistent with the fluctuation-dissipation theorem for insulator, superfluid and normal gas.
Ultracold mixtures of different atomic species have great promise for realizing novel many-body phenomena. In a binary mixture of femions with a large mass difference and repulsive interspecies interactions, a disordered Mott insulator phase can occur. This phase displays an incompressible total density, although the relative density remain compressible. We use strong-coupling and Monte Carlo calculations to show that this phase exists for a broad parameter region for ultracold gases confined in a harmonic trap on a three-dimensional optical lattice, for experimentally accessible values of the trap parameters.