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Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics

CW laser pumping of the 4s21S0-4s4p3P1transition of calcium: study of ionization and absorption line profiles

Muhammad Arshad Khan, Mohammad F. Al-Kuhaili

Published Feb 14, 1993• 9 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Experimental results on the ionization of calcium atoms following resonant pumping of the 4s 2 1 S 0 -4s4p 3 P 1 transition with a CW ring dye laser are reported. Absorption profiles of the 4s 2 1 S 0 -4s4p 3 P 1 transition around 6572.78 AA are measured under different conditions of temperature (T) and buffer gas pressure (p) where ionization was observed. Voigt profile fits are seen to adequately describe the observed absorption profiles. The results on collisional widths are in agreement with some previously published measurements. At low buffer gas pressures, collisional widths are found to scale as T 0.5 .

DOI
10.1088/0953-4075/26/3/012

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Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics•Oct 26, 2000•8 citations
Experimental results on the ionization of calcium atoms following resonant pumping of the 4s 2 1 S 0 -4s4p 3 P 1 transition with a CW ring dye laser are reported. Absorption profiles of the 4s 2 1 S 0 -4s4p 3 P 1 transition around 6572.78 AA are measured under different conditions of temperature (T) and buffer gas pressure (p) where ionization was observed. Voigt profile fits are seen to adequately describe the observed absorption profiles. The results on collisional widths are in agreement with some previously published measurements. At low buffer gas pressures, collisional widths are found to scale as T 0.5 .
The ionization of calcium atoms resonantly excited to the 4s4p 3 P 1 metastable state is investigated. In particular, the influence of various experimental parameters on the total ionization yield and the rate of its growth are reported. Maximum ionization yield was obtained with the buffer gas (Ar) pressure in the range 100-650 mbar. Furthermore, the time history of depopulation of the metastable state 4s4p 3 P 1 monitored in a 'pump' and 'probe' experiment using a second dye laser tuned to the 4s4p 3 P 1 -4s5s 3 S 1 transition is presented. The effective lifetime of the 4s4p 3 P 1 state is shortened to 31+or-2 mu s at 850 degrees C and 800 mbar Ar pressure from the known value of about 350 mu s.
Experiments on collisionally assisted two-photon absorption (TPA) in calcium vapour buffered by argon gas have been performed using two tunable dye lasers. Both direct TPA and stepwise transitions through the collisionally populated resonance level. 4s4p 1 P 1 , have been observed. Detailed study of the lineshapes of the stepwise transitions to the 4p 2 1 S 0 , 4p 2 1 D 2 and 4s6s 1 S 0 levels reveals large differences in the strengths of the Ca-Ar interatomic potentials for these levels. These differences probably arise from configuration mixing.
An experiment is described in which large numbers ( approximately 10 16 ) of calcium atoms are placed in the 4s4p 3 P metastable level by optical pumping with a tunable dye laser and then studied spectroscopically. Equations governing the degree of excitation by the laser are derived. Predictions of the theory are shown to be in good agreement with experimental results. In particular, at low optical depths produced by 10 15 ground state atoms cm -2 the dye laser raises approximately 50% of the calcium atoms into the metastable state. At higher optical depths associated with 10 17 ground state atoms cm -2 the number of excited states is limited only by the laser energy and line width. For the dye laser used the largest number of metastables produced was approximately 10 16 . The absorption spectra of the 4s4p 2 P level is seen out to 4s4p 3 P to 4s22d 3 D. The relaxation rate between the excited state fine structure is studied directly with an optically delayed dye laser continuum. Other applications of this technique of producing large numbers of excited states are briefly discussed.
Using a pulsed tunable dye laser pumped by a nitrogen laser, the 4s4p 1 P 1 0 level in Ca I was selectively populated from the 4s 2 1 S 0 ground state. Transitions from the 4s4p 1 P 1 0 level to 4sns 1 S 0 and 4snd 1 D 2 and, for n approximately=20, also to 4snp 1 P 1 0 and 4snf 1 F 3 0 were observed. The latter transitions arise because of Stark mixing of Rydberg states in the field of laser-produced ions and electrons. By applying a voltage to electrodes in the calcium vapour, Stark shifts were measured for levels belonging to the 4snf 1 F 3 0 and 4s(n+1)d 1 D 2 series in a region where the series cross. Diagonalisation of the energy matrix for interacting states with hydrogenic dipole matrix elements gave theoretical Stark shifts in reasonable agreement with those measured. The 4snf 1 F 3 0 series has been extended from n=12 to n=28 by absorption from 4s3d 1 D 2 . The latter level was found to be populated by stimulated emission from 4s4p 1 P 1 0 .
Optical selectivities of calcium isotopes have been calculated for the 4s 2 1 S 0 4s4p 1 P 1 4s4d 1 D 2 →Ca + double-resonance ionization scheme using the spectral simulation (SS) approach. Optical selectivities obtained by the SS approach are in good agreement with the results obtained by the density matrix formalism. Studies on the effect of laser detuning and linewidth on optical selectivities indicate that lasers with 50 MHz linewidth for both the excitation steps can yield an optical selectivity of 2.2 × 10 5 , which is adequate for selective excitation of the 41 Ca isotope for certain applications.