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Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics

Design and characterization of a planar trap

U. Tanaka, Ryosuke NAKA, F Iwata, T Ujimaru, Kenneth R. Brown, Isaac L. Chuang, S. Urabe

Published Jul 15, 2009• 11 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We demonstrate laser cooling of 40 Ca + ions in a linear-type planar trap where all electrodes are located in a plane. We numerically calculate the potential of a 500 µm scale trap and then characterize the trap by measuring the secular frequencies. Linear crystals of 40 Ca + ions are formed after coarse micromotion compensation. Development of such traps is important for the construction of a many-zone ion-trap array for large-scale quantum information processing using ions. We also present other trap designs and results from numerical analysis.

DOI
10.1088/0953-4075/42/15/154006

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We demonstrate laser cooling of 40 Ca + ions in a linear-type planar trap where all electrodes are located in a plane. We numerically calculate the potential of a 500 µm scale trap and then characterize the trap by measuring the secular frequencies. Linear crystals of 40 Ca + ions are formed after coarse micromotion compensation. Development of such traps is important for the construction of a many-zone ion-trap array for large-scale quantum information processing using ions. We also present other trap designs and results from numerical analysis.
40 Ca + ions are successfully confined, under the cooling of a red-detuned laser, in a home-built microscopic surface-electrode (MSE) trap. With all electrodes deposited on a low-rf-loss substrate, our 500-μm-scale MSE trap is designed involving three potential wells and manufactured by the standard technique of the printed circuit board. Both linear and two-dimensional crystals of 40 Ca + are observed in the trap after preliminary micromotion compensation is carried out. The development of the MSE trap aims at large-scale trapped-ion quantum information processing.
Large ion crystals in diverse geometries are a key resource for quantum simulation experiments. In this work, we introduce a macroscopic rf trap that supports a wide variety of one-dimensional ion configurations as well as lateral two-dimensional crystals with more than 100 ions. Our design is based on precision-machined fused silica wafers that are stacked to form the trap structure. Ten independently biased electrodes provide flexible control over the axial potential, enabling long one-dimensional crystals, isospaced ion strings, split-well chains, and two-dimensional arrays with tunable aspect ratios. We present the design and fabrication process for this trap and demonstrate the ability to tune the radial secular frequencies, detect and compensate micromotion, rotate the principal axes, and characterize trapped ion heating rates. All trap design and documentation files are freely available alongside this work, to facilitate adoption and further development within the ion trap community.
We investigate a planar ion chip design with a two-dimensional array of linear ion traps for scalable quantum information processing. Qubits are formed from the internal electronic states of trapped 40 Ca + ions. The segmented electrodes reside in a single plane on a substrate and a grounded metal plate separately, a combination of appropriate rf and DC potentials is applied to them for stable ion confinement. Every two adjacent electrodes can generate a linear ion trap in and between the electrodes above the chip at a distance dependent on the geometrical scale and other considerations. The potential distributions are calculated by using a static electric field qualitatively. This architecture provides a conceptually simple avenue to achieving the microfabrication and large-scale quantum computation based on the arrays of trapped ions.
We report the laser cooling and trapping of barium ions in a novel planar Paul trap. Unlike other rf quadrupole traps, the electrodes of a planar Paul trap are confined to one or more parallel planes. They may therefore be constructed on a micrometer scale by the same photolithographic techniques used for semiconductor devices. Such devices are under construction in our laboratory. Micro-traps permit entirely new studies, for example, superradiance of a few ions, which occurs as ion-ion distances approach one wavelength of light. Photolithography can also generate an array of traps on a single substrate for an atomic clock. Our traps consist of one or more parallel planes, one above the other, each plane having either a conducting ring or a hole in a conducting sheet. Thus, a ring or a hole results in a potential well for trapping. A three-ring design produces a quadrupole potential that is harmonic up to eighth-order for a particular choice of ring diameters and spacings. Three-hole traps have been constructed with inner hole radii ranging from 50 to 400 μm, and both single barium ions and clouds have been observed.
We have fabricated a miniature three-segment linear Paul trap with r 0=0.6 mm and 2Z 0=4 mm. In order to perform quantum-state manipulation of trapped 40 Ca+ ions, we discuss the required harmonic oscillation frequencies which allow us to perform effective sideband cooling and have measured those that depend on the dimensions of the trap. A laser beam that has a component in the radial direction of the linear trap as well as that propagating along the trap axis has been used to detect the fluorescence spectra of the 42 S 1/2–42 P 1/2 transition. We have observed that the profile of the fluorescence spectrum obtained with the side laser beam is markedly different from that obtained with the axial laser beam due to micromotion. By applying additional DC voltages, the micromotion has been compensated, its amplitude has been estimated, and crystallization has been observed for two 40 Ca+ and four 40 Ca+ ions.
Miniaturized ion trap arrays with many trap segments present a promising architecture for scalable quantum information processing. The miniaturization of segmented linear Paul traps allows partitioning the microtrap into different storage and processing zones. The individual position control of many ions—each of them carrying qubit information in its long-lived electronic levels—by the external trap control voltages is important for the implementation of next generation large-scale quantum algorithms. We present a novel scalable microchip multi-segmented ion trap with two different adjacent zones, one for the storage and another dedicated to the processing of quantum information using single ions and linear ion crystals. A pair of radio-frequency-driven electrodes and 62 independently controlled dc electrodes allows shuttling of single ions or linear ion crystals with numerically designed axial potentials at axial and radial trap frequencies of a few megahertz. We characterize and optimize the microtrap using sideband spectroscopy on the narrow S 1/2 ↔D 5/2 qubit transition of the 40 Ca + ion, and demonstrate coherent single-qubit Rabi rotations and optical cooling methods. We determine the heating rate using sideband cooling measurements to the vibrational ground state, which is necessary for subsequent two-qubit quantum logic operations. The applicability for scalable quantum information processing is proved.