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Physical review. B, Condensed matter

The liquid-gas critical point in 3.3 dimensions

Oriol T. Valls, John Hertz

Published Sep 1, 1978• 9 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Liquid-gas phase transitions are usually assumed to belong to the same universality class as Ising magnets. However, in the liquid-gas case, the free-energy expansion contains odd powers of the order parameter. We show in this work that, even though the odd terms are irrelevant near four dimensions, they become relevant at dimensionality ${d}_{c}=\frac{(10\ensuremath{-}5\ensuremath{\eta})}{3}\ensuremath{\approx}3.33$. A new, stable, fixed point may appear. We approximately calculate, to order ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{\ensuremath{'}}={d}_{c}\ensuremath{-}d$, the difference between the critical exponents for this new fixed point and the Ising critical exponents. This difference turns out to be numerically small. We conclude that, even though in three dimensions the liquid-gas and Ising-magnet phase transition do not belong to the same universality class, the effect on the critical exponents is probably too small to be observed.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.18.2367

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arXiv:cond-mat/0306272•Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics•Sep 30, 2003•53 citations
Liquid-gas phase transitions are usually assumed to belong to the same universality class as Ising magnets. However, in the liquid-gas case, the free-energy expansion contains odd powers of the order parameter. We show in this work that, even though the odd terms are irrelevant near four dimensions, they become relevant at dimensionality dc=(10\ensuremath−5\ensuremathη)3\ensuremath≈3.33{d}_{c}=\frac{(10\ensuremath{-}5\ensuremath{\eta})}{3}\ensuremath{\approx}3.33dc​=3(10\ensuremath−5\ensuremathη)​\ensuremath≈3.33. A new, stable, fixed point may appear. We approximately calculate, to order \ensuremathϵ\ensuremath′=dc\ensuremath−d{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{\ensuremath{'}}={d}_{c}\ensuremath{-}d\ensuremathϵ\ensuremath′=dc​\ensuremath−d, the difference between the critical exponents for this new fixed point and the Ising critical exponents. This difference turns out to be numerically small. We conclude that, even though in three dimensions the liquid-gas and Ising-magnet phase transition do not belong to the same universality class, the effect on the critical exponents is probably too small to be observed.
Critical point of liquid-gas (LG) transition does not conform with the paradigm of spontaneous symmetry breaking because there is no broken symmetry in both phases. We revisit the conjecture that this critical point belongs to the Ising class by performing large scale Monte Carlo simulations in two-dimensional free space in combination with the numerical flowgram method. Our main result is that the critical indices do agree with the Onsager values within the error of 1%-2%. This significantly improves the accuracy reported in the literature. The related problem about the role of higher order odd terms in the (real) φ^{4} field model as a mapping of the LG transition is addressed too. The scaling dimension of the φ^{5} term at criticality is shown to be the same as that of the linear one φ. We suggest that the role of all higher order odd terms at criticality is simply in generating the linear field operator with the critical dimension consistent with the Ising universality class.
The detailed analysis of the global structure of the renormalization-group (RG) flow diagram for a model with isotropic and cubic interactions is carried out in the framework of the massive field theory directly in three dimensions (3D) within an assumption of isotropic exchange. Perturbative expansions for RG functions are calculated for arbitrary N up to four-loop order and resummed by means of the generalized Pad\'e-Borel-Leroy technique. Coordinates and stability matrix eigenvalues for the cubic fixed point are found under the optimal value of the transformation parameter. Critical dimensionality of the model is proved to be equal to ${N}_{c}=2.89\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02$ that agrees well with the estimate obtained on the basis of the five-loop $\ensuremath{\varepsilon}$ expansion [H. Kleinert and V. Schulte-Frohlinde, Phys. Lett. B 342, 284 (1995)] resummed by the above method. As a consequence, the cubic fixed point should be stable in 3D for N> 3,N>~3,N> 3, and the critical exponents controlling phase transitions in three-dimensional magnets should belong to the cubic universality class. The critical behavior of the random Ising model being the nontrivial particular case of the cubic model when N=0N=0N=0 is also investigated. For all physical quantities of interest the most accurate numerical estimates with their error bounds are obtained. The results achieved in the work are discussed along with the predictions given by other theoretical approaches and experimental data.
In two space dimensions, the percolation point of the pure-site clusters of the Ising model coincides with the critical point Tc{T}_{c}Tc​ of the thermal transition and the percolation exponents belong to a special universality class. By introducing a bond probability pB<1,{p}_{B}<1,pB​<1, the corresponding site-bond clusters keep on percolating at Tc{T}_{c}Tc​ and the exponents do not change, until ${p}_{B}{=p}_{\mathrm{CK}}=1\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}2J/kT):$ for this special expression of the bond weight the critical percolation exponents switch to the two-dimensional Ising universality class. We show here that the result is valid for a wide class of bidimensional models with a continuous magnetization transition: there is a critical bond probability pc{p}_{c}pc​ such that, for any pB> pc,{p}_{B}>~{p}_{c},pB​> pc​, the onset of percolation of the site-bond clusters coincides with the critical point of the thermal transition. The percolation exponents are the same for pc<pB< 1{p}_{c}<{p}_{B}<~1pc​<pB​< 1 but, for pB=pc,{p}_{B}{=p}_{c},pB​=pc​, they suddenly change to the thermal exponents, so that the corresponding clusters are critical droplets of the phase transition. Our result is based on Monte Carlo simulations of various systems near criticality.
The critical behavior of a two-component lattice-gas model (the 1-2 model) in two and three dimensions is investigated by means of standard and nonstandard methods of series analysis on exact series expansions for the thermodynamic properties of the model. The model exhibits a critical line that passes from the Ising critical point at finite temperature to a critical point at zero temperature. In two dimensions the Ising values of the critical exponents found along the critical line and at zero temperature support the expectation that the model lies in the Ising universality class. In three dimensions Ising values of the critical exponents are found away from zero temperature, but near and at zero temperature the series analysis suggests a crossover to non-Ising values of the critical exponents. This would imply that the model belongs to the Ising universality class at nonzero temperatures and to a different universality class at zero temperature---a quite unexpected result. Various possible explanations for this unusual behavior of the series results are discussed.
Continuous phase transitions are catalogued into universality classes, families of systems having identical values of all the exponents governing the critical behaviour of their different physical properties. Numerical simulations have been carried out on Ising Spin Glasses in dimension three, using a technique where corrections to finite size scaling can be controled. The data show that the critical exponents vary strongly as a function of the kurtosis of the interaction distribution, a parameter which from the standard point of view should not be pertinent. This observation implies that for spin glasses the renormalization group analysis should not be approached in a the same way as in the case of canonical second order transitions; a much richer structure of universality classes would appear to exist for spin glasses.
We perform a high-statistics simulation of the three-dimensional randomly dilute Ising model on cubic lattices L3 with L< or =256. We choose a particular value of the density, x=0.8, for which the leading scaling corrections are suppressed. We determine the critical exponents, obtaining nu=0.683(3), eta=0.035(2), beta=0.3535(17), and alpha=-0.049(9), in agreement with previous numerical simulations. We also estimate numerically the fixed-point values of the four-point zero-momentum couplings that are used in field-theoretical fixed-dimension studies. Although these results somewhat differ from those obtained using perturbative field theory, the field-theoretical estimates of the critical exponents do not change significantly if the Monte Carlo result for the fixed point is used. Finally, we determine the six-point zero-momentum couplings, relevant for the small-magnetization expansion of the equation of state, and the invariant amplitude ratio R(+)(xi) that expresses the universality of the free-energy density per correlation volume. We find R(+)(xi)=0.2885(15).