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Reports on Mathematical Physics

Construction of a structure which enables to describe the joint system of a classical system and a quantum system

Dirk Aerts

Published Aug 1, 1984• 17 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1016/0034-4877(84)90077-6

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Standard formulations of quantum mechanics successfully describe physical systems through isolated representations, most notably in position or momentum spaces. Attempts to unify these descriptions into a single joint phase space have historically faced severe mathematical dilemmas, such as the appearance of negative values in the Wigner quasiprobability distribution. This paper addresses this challenge by extending the recently developed Analytic Probability Framework and the Primacy of the Whole Principle into a geometric domain. We demonstrate that the separate, valid representations of standard quantum mechanics can be consistently unified into a joint hybrid representation without relying on classical phase space assumptions. By defining a strictly positive and normalized joint probability distribution, we construct a genuine quantum phase space where individual values of position and momentum do not exist as autonomous points, but rather function as interconnected structural elements of a single, indivisible quantum state. This approach provides a rigorous, non-paradoxical geometric foundation that naturally preserves quantum logic while extending the standard formalism.
The standard formalism of quantum theory treats space and time in fundamentally different ways. In particular, a composite system at a given time is represented by a joint state, but the formalism does not prescribe a joint state for a composite of systems at different times. If there were a way of defining such a joint state, this would potentially permit a more even-handed treatment of space and time, and would strengthen the existing analogy between quantum states and classical probability distributions. Under the assumption that the joint state over time is an operator on the tensor product of single-time Hilbert spaces, we analyse various proposals for such a joint state, including one due to Leifer and Spekkens, one due to Fitzsimons, Jones and Vedral, and another based on discrete Wigner functions. Finding various problems with each, we identify five criteria for a quantum joint state over time to satisfy if it is to play a role similar to the standard joint state for a composite system: that it is a Hermitian operator on the tensor product of the single-time Hilbert spaces; that it represents probabilistic mixing appropriately; that it has the appropriate classical limit; that it has the appropriate single-time marginals; that composing over multiple time steps is associative. We show that no construction satisfies all these requirements. If Hermiticity is dropped, then there is an essentially unique construction that satisfies the remaining four criteria.