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Journal of Low Temperature Physics

Energy Spectrum of the Superfluid Velocity Made by Quantized Vortices in Two-Dimensional Quantum Turbulence

Takuya Kusumura, Hiromitsu Takeuchi, Makoto Tsubota

Published Nov 13, 2012• 15 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We discuss the configurations of vortices in two-dimensional quantum turbulence, studying energy spectrum of superfluid velocity and correlation functions with the distance between two vortices. We apply the above method to quantum turbulence described by Gross-Pitaevskii equation in Bose-Einstein condensates. We make two-dimensional quantum turbulence from many dark solitons through the dynamical instability. A dark soliton is unstable and decays into vortices in two- and three-dimensional systems. In our work, we propose a method of discriminating between the uncorrelated turbulence and the correlated turbulence. We decompose the energy spectrum into two terms, namely the self-energy spectrum E self (k) made by individual vortices and the interactive energy spectrum E int (k) made by interference of two vortices. The uncorrelated turbulence is defined as turbulence with E int (k)≪E self (k), while the correlated turbulence is turbulence where E int (k) is not much smaller than E self (k). Our simulations show that in the decay of dark solitons, the vortices created consist of correlated pairs of opposite circulation vortices, leading to the correlated turbulence.

DOI
10.1007/s10909-012-0827-9

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We discuss the configurations of vortices in two-dimensional quantum turbulence, studying energy spectrum of superfluid velocity and correlation functions with the distance between two vortices. We apply the above method to quantum turbulence described by Gross-Pitaevskii equation in Bose-Einstein condensates. We make two-dimensional quantum turbulence from many dark solitons through the dynamical instability. A dark soliton is unstable and decays into vortices in two- and three-dimensional systems. In our work, we propose a method of discriminating between the uncorrelated turbulence and the correlated turbulence. We decompose the energy spectrum into two terms, namely the self-energy spectrum E self (k) made by individual vortices and the interactive energy spectrum E int (k) made by interference of two vortices. The uncorrelated turbulence is defined as turbulence with E int (k)≪E self (k), while the correlated turbulence is turbulence where E int (k) is not much smaller than E self (k). Our simulations show that in the decay of dark solitons, the vortices created consist of correlated pairs of opposite circulation vortices, leading to the correlated turbulence.
We theoretically propose a new method of making quantum turbulence from many dark solitons in atomic Bose-Einstein condensates. We solve numerically the two-dimensional Gross-Pitaevskii equation. We set initially many solitons so that they can form a square grid. A dark soliton is known to be stable in one-dimensional systems, but unstable in two- or three-dimensional systems and decay to vortices. Our simulation shows that these solitons decay to a lot of vortices which move around in the system and eventually lead to two-dimensional quantum turbulence. The probability distribution function of the superfluid velocity obeys a Gaussian distribution in the low-velocity region and a power-law distribution in the high-velocity region. The decay of the total number of vortices obeys a power-law for a relatively long period. This scenario may be experimentally realized through interference of Bose-Einstein condensates in a trap potential.
We investigate numerically the statistics of quantized vortices in two-dimensional quantum turbulence using the Gross-Pitaevskii equation. We find that a universal -5/3 scaling law in the turbulent energy spectrum is intimately connected with the vortex statistics, such as number fluctuations and vortex velocity, which is also characterized by a similar scaling behavior. The -5/3 scaling law appearing in the power spectrum of vortex number fluctuations is consistent with the scenario of passive advection of isolated vortices by a turbulent superfluid velocity generated by like-signed vortex clusters. The velocity probability distribution of clustered vortices is also sensitive to spatial configurations, and exhibits a power-law tail distribution with a -5/3 exponent.
We review turbulence in ultracold quantum gases, using the scalar contact-interaction Bose-Einstein condensate as the reference system for quantized circulation, compressibility, vortices, sound, and cascades. We focus on the quantitative diagnostics that connect helium and classical phenomenology to microscopic wave-function dynamics: incompressible and compressible kinetic-energy spectra, wave-occupation spectra, spectral fluxes, vortex-resolved correlations, and velocity statistics. These diagnostics distinguish equilibrium vortex organization, decaying turbulent relaxation, forced cascade dynamics, and weak-wave turbulence, and show why power laws alone are insufficient evidence for a cascade. We survey experiments on two-dimensional Onsager clustering, three-dimensional vortex-line turbulence, box-trap wave cascades, engineered dissipation, and turbulent equations of state. We close by briefly placing the contact-interaction scalar superfluid system in a broader landscape of nonlocal, multicomponent, fermionic, and driven-dissipative quantum fluids, where turbulence concepts can be tested for universality.
We show the generation of two-dimensional quantum turbulence through simulations of a giant vortex decay in a trapped Bose-Einstein condensate. While evaluating the incompressible kinetic energy spectra of the quantum fluid described by the Gross-Pitaevskii equation, a bilinear form in a log-log plot is verified. A characteristic scaling behavior for small momenta shows resemblance to the Kolmogorov k−5/3k^{-5/3}k−5/3 law, while for large momenta it reassures the universal behavior of the core-size k−3k^{-3}k−3 power-law. This indicates a mechanism of energy transportation consistent with an inverse cascade. The feasibility of the described physical system with the currently available experimental techniques to create giant vortices opens up a new route to explore quantum turbulence.
There is a growing interest in the relation between classical turbulence and quantum turbulence. Classical turbulence arises from complicated dynamics of eddies in a classical fluid. In contrast, quantum turbulence consists of a tangle of stable topological defects called quantized vortices, and thus quantum turbulence provides a simpler prototype of turbulence than classical turbulence. In this paper, we investigate the dynamics and statistics of quantized vortices in quantum turbulence by numerically solving a modified Gross-Pitaevskii equation. First, to make decaying turbulence, we introduce a dissipation term that works only at scales below the healing length. Second, to obtain steady turbulence through the balance between injection and decay, we add energy injection at large scales. The energy spectrum is quantitatively consistent with the Kolmogorov law in both decaying and steady turbulence. Consequently, this is the first study that confirms the inertial range of quantum turbulence.