Physical Review A

Measurement of the static electric dipole polarizabilities of barium and strontium

Henry L. Schwartz, Thomas M. Miller, Benjamin B. Bederson

Published Dec 1, 1974• 84 citations

Abstract

The static electric dipole polarizabilities of barium and strontium atoms have been measured using an electric deflection technique. The results are normalized to the polarizability of lithium by comparing deflections of the alkaline-earth beams to deflections of a lithium beam passing through an inhomogeneous electrostatic field. The measured polarizabilities are (39.7 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 3.2) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ for barium and (27.6 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 2.2) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ for strontium.

DOI: 10.1103/physreva.10.1924

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Measurement of the polarizability of calcium

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Physical Review A

Measurement of the static electric dipole polarizabilities of barium and strontium

Henry L. Schwartz, Thomas M. Miller, Benjamin B. Bederson

Published Dec 1, 1974• 84 citations

Publisher

Abstract

{10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}

{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}

for barium and (27.6 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 2.2) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}

{10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}

{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}

for strontium.

DOI: 10.1103/physreva.10.1924

Related papers

Measurement of the polarizability of calcium

Thomas M. Miller, Benjamin B. Bederson

The static electric dipole polarizability of the $4{s}^{2}(^{1}S_{0})$ ground state of the calcium atom has been measured using an electric deflection technique. The result is normalized to the polarizability of lithium by comparing deflections of calcium and lithium beams passing through an inhomogeneous electrostatic field. We find (25 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 2.5) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ for the polarizability of calcium.The static electric dipole polarizability of the $4{s}^{2}(^{1}S_{0})$ ground state of the calcium atom has been measured using an electric deflection technique. The result is normalized to the polarizability of lithium by comparing deflections of calcium and lithium beams passing through an inhomogeneous electrostatic field. We find (25 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 2.5) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ for the polarizability of calcium.

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Measurement of alkali-metal polarizabilities by deflection of a velocity-selected atomic beam

William Davis Hall, Jens C. Zorn

The electric dipole polarizability of the alkali-metal atoms Na, K, Rb, and Cs are determined by measuring the deflection of a velocity-selected beam by an inhomogeneous electric field. It is shown experimentally that scattering of slower beam atoms by background gas in the apparatus is an important systematic error in measurements of this kind if a beam-velocity selector is not used, and that this scattering is responsible for the discrepancies between different, earlier beam-deflection measurements of polarizability. The polarizability values obtained in this work are $\ensuremath{\alpha}(\mathrm{Na})=24.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.7$ ${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{3}$ , $\ensuremath{\alpha}(\mathrm{K})=45.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3.2$ ${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{3}$ , $\ensuremath{\alpha}(\mathrm{Rb})=48.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3.4$ ${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{3}$ , and $\ensuremath{\alpha}(\mathrm{Cs})=63.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4.6$ ${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{3}$ .The electric dipole polarizability of the alkali-metal atoms Na, K, Rb, and Cs are determined by measuring the deflection of a velocity-selected beam by an inhomogeneous electric field. It is shown experimentally that scattering of slower beam atoms by background gas in the apparatus is an important systematic error in measurements of this kind if a beam-velocity selector is not used, and that this scattering is responsible for the discrepancies between different, earlier beam-deflection measurements of polarizability. The polarizability values obtained in this work are $\ensuremath{\alpha}(\mathrm{Na})=24.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.7$ ${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{3}$, $\ensuremath{\alpha}(\mathrm{K})=45.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3.2$ ${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{3}$, $\ensuremath{\alpha}(\mathrm{Rb})=48.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3.4$ ${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{3}$, and $\ensuremath{\alpha}(\mathrm{Cs})=63.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4.6$ ${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{3}$.

Physical Review AOct 1, 1974103 citations

Dipole polarizability of 2S13 and 2S01 metastable helium measured by the electric deflection time-of-flight method

David A. Crosby, Jens C. Zorn

The static dipole polarizability of helium atoms in the metastable $2^{3}S_{1}$ and $2^{1}S_{0}$ states has been determined by measuring the deflection of a beam of excited helium atoms that is caused by an inhomogeneous electric field of known properties. The necessary velocity distribution information is obtained from time-of-flight measurements, and a resonance quenching technique made it possible to distinguish the singlet and triplet components of the beam. The results, $\ensuremath{\alpha}(2^{3}S_{1})=(44.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ and $\ensuremath{\alpha}(2^{1}S_{0})=(108\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}13)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ , agree with the theoretical value that has been used to calibrate earlier polarizability measurements of the alkali metals and the heavier noble gases.The static dipole polarizability of helium atoms in the metastable $2^{3}S_{1}$ and $2^{1}S_{0}$ states has been determined by measuring the deflection of a beam of excited helium atoms that is caused by an inhomogeneous electric field of known properties. The necessary velocity distribution information is obtained from time-of-flight measurements, and a resonance quenching technique made it possible to distinguish the singlet and triplet components of the beam. The results, $\ensuremath{\alpha}(2^{3}S_{1})=(44.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ and $\ensuremath{\alpha}(2^{1}S_{0})=(108\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}13)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$, agree with the theoretical value that has been used to calibrate earlier polarizability measurements of the alkali metals and the heavier noble gases.

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Polarizability of 5s25p(P122) atomic indium

Thomas Paul Guella, Thomas M. Miller, Benjamin B. Bederson +2 more

We have measured the static electric dipole polarizability of ground state $_{ 49}^{115}\mathrm{In}5{s}^{2}5p(^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}})$ with a small (\ensuremath{\sim}9%) admixture of metastable $5{s}^{2}5p(^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}})$ . Three different methods were used: (a) $E\ensuremath{-}H$ gradient balance, (b) comparison of deflection in an inhomogeneous electric field with an alkalimetal-atom "standard," and (c) a deflection analysis using a computer program with no adjustable parameters except the polarizability itself. All methods agree to within 11%. Our weighted final result is (10.18\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.20)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ . This is in very close agreement to a recent computation by Liberman and Zangwill, using fully relativistic wave functions and including electron correlation.We have measured the static electric dipole polarizability of ground state $_{ 49}^{115}\mathrm{In}5{s}^{2}5p(^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}})$ with a small (\ensuremath{\sim}9%) admixture of metastable $5{s}^{2}5p(^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}})$. Three different methods were used: (a) $E\ensuremath{-}H$ gradient balance, (b) comparison of deflection in an inhomogeneous electric field with an alkalimetal-atom "standard," and (c) a deflection analysis using a computer program with no adjustable parameters except the polarizability itself. All methods agree to within 11%. Our weighted final result is (10.18\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.20)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$. This is in very close agreement to a recent computation by Liberman and Zangwill, using fully relativistic wave functions and including electron correlation.

Physical Review AJun 1, 198419 citations

Measurement of the electric polarizability of lithium by atom interferometry

Alain Miffre, Marion Jacquey, M Büchner +2 more

We have built an atom interferometer and, by applying an electric field on one of the two interfering beams, we have measured the static electric polarizability of lithium $\ensuremath{\alpha}=(24.33\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.16)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}30}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ with a 0.66% uncertainty. Our experiment is similar to an experiment done on sodium in 1995 by Pritchard and co-workers, with several improvements: the electric field can be calculated analytically and the interference signals have a large intensity and a high visibility, resulting in accurate phase measurements. This experiment illustrates the extreme sensitivity of atom interferometry: when the atom enters the electric field, its velocity increases and the fractional change, equal to $4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ for our largest field, is measured with a ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ accuracy.We have built an atom interferometer and, by applying an electric field on one of the two interfering beams, we have measured the static electric polarizability of lithium $\ensuremath{\alpha}=(24.33\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.16)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}30}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ with a 0.66% uncertainty. Our experiment is similar to an experiment done on sodium in 1995 by Pritchard and co-workers, with several improvements: the electric field can be calculated analytically and the interference signals have a large intensity and a high visibility, resulting in accurate phase measurements. This experiment illustrates the extreme sensitivity of atom interferometry: when the atom enters the electric field, its velocity increases and the fractional change, equal to $4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ for our largest field, is measured with a ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ accuracy.

arXiv:quant-ph/0506106Physical Review AJan 30, 200663 citations

{10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}

{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}

for barium and (27.6 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 2.2) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}

{10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}

{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}

for strontium.

The static electric dipole polarizability of the

4{s}^{2}(^{1}S_{0})

ground state of the calcium atom has been measured using an electric deflection technique. The result is normalized to the polarizability of lithium by comparing deflections of calcium and lithium beams passing through an inhomogeneous electrostatic field. We find (25 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 2.5) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}$

{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}

for the polarizability of calcium.

{\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{3}

, $\ensuremath{\alpha}(\mathrm{K})=45.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3.2$

{\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{3}

, $\ensuremath{\alpha}(\mathrm{Rb})=48.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3.4$

{\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{3}

, and $\ensuremath{\alpha}(\mathrm{Cs})=63.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4.6$

{\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{3}

The static dipole polarizability of helium atoms in the metastable

2^{3}S_{1}

and

2^{1}S_{0}

states has been determined by measuring the deflection of a beam of excited helium atoms that is caused by an inhomogeneous electric field of known properties. The necessary velocity distribution information is obtained from time-of-flight measurements, and a resonance quenching technique made it possible to distinguish the singlet and triplet components of the beam. The results, $\ensuremath{\alpha}(2^{3}S_{1})=(44.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}$

{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}

and $\ensuremath{\alpha}(2^{1}S_{0})=(108\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}13)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}$

{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}

, agree with the theoretical value that has been used to calibrate earlier polarizability measurements of the alkali metals and the heavier noble gases.

We have measured the static electric dipole polarizability of ground state

_{ 49}^{115}\mathrm{In}5{s}^{2}5p(^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}})

with a small (\ensuremath{\sim}9%) admixture of metastable

5{s}^{2}5p(^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}})

. Three different methods were used: (a) $E\ensuremath{-}H$ gradient balance, (b) comparison of deflection in an inhomogeneous electric field with an alkalimetal-atom "standard," and (c) a deflection analysis using a computer program with no adjustable parameters except the polarizability itself. All methods agree to within 11%. Our weighted final result is (10.18\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.20)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}$

{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}

. This is in very close agreement to a recent computation by Liberman and Zangwill, using fully relativistic wave functions and including electron correlation.