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Physical Review A

Secure optical communication using antisqueezing

Tatsuya Tomaru, Masashi Ban

Published Sep 13, 2006• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

When considering an application of quantum-information technology, we should consider realistic conditions first. From this point of view, we propose using antisqueezed light as a resource for optical communication because antisqueezing maintains its nature even after loss and amplification. Applying antisqueezed light to cipher communication using randomized sender bases, we can increase, by high order of magnitude, the bit-error rate of eavesdroppers who do not have the basis information. Even at macroscopic optical intensity, an ordinary level of optical communication, we can cause the bit-error rate of eavesdroppers to be as high as it would be at low intensity, through increased antisqueezing depending on optical intensity, leading to more secure optical communication.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.74.032312

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When considering an application of quantum-information technology, we should consider realistic conditions first. From this point of view, we propose using antisqueezed light as a resource for optical communication because antisqueezing maintains its nature even after loss and amplification. Applying antisqueezed light to cipher communication using randomized sender bases, we can increase, by high order of magnitude, the bit-error rate of eavesdroppers who do not have the basis information. Even at macroscopic optical intensity, an ordinary level of optical communication, we can cause the bit-error rate of eavesdroppers to be as high as it would be at low intensity, through increased antisqueezing depending on optical intensity, leading to more secure optical communication.
Antisqueezed light is a possible resource to apply quantum information technologies to the real world. When antisqueezed light is used in secure optical communications, an LD is a preferable light source from an engineering point of view. Although LD output power is low, LD light can be antisqueezed with the help of an EDFA in a reflection-type interferometer consisting of a standard single-mode fiber of typically 5 km. The ellipticity of the obtained antisqueezed light was 9 at maximum in a balanced interferometer case, and the angle that was subtended by antisqueezed fluctuations at the origin of phase space was 23 degrees at maximum. The feasibility of secure optical communications using antisqueezed light is demonstrated.
In this thesis, several novel secure optical communication network models are presented. The security of these network models is achieved using quantum cryptographic-key distribution. Both point-to-point and multiple access broadcast networks are considered. Furthermore, in developing these models, the simplicity, generality and flexibility are highly maintained. Thus, it is possible to use these models efficiently for software simulation purposes. Each secure optical communication network model is assumed to be composed of N communication nodes (stations) that are connected by three types of fiber optic channels. These are the quantum, authenticated public, and timing channels. Errors can occur in quantum transmission due to eavesdropping and system inefficiencies. Thus, an error elimination technique is implemented. In this technique, several rounds of random permutations and block parity comparisons are done between the transmitter and receiver. Then, another strategy of random subset parity comparisons is performed. Blocks or subsets of discordant parities are subjected to a bisective search to find error locations and eliminate them. After all quantum transmission errors are discovered and discarded, an important mathematical technique called privacy amplification is implemented. Using this technique, eavesdropper information about the final cryptographic key is reduced to an arbitrarily value smaller than one bit. This is essentially achieved by publicly choosing length-reducing transformations to apply to primary keys so that partial eavesdropper information about inputs conveys almost no knowledge of the outputs. In the designing of secure models for multiple access broadcast networks, both of broadcasting and multicasting quantum transmission modes are enabled. This is done via introducing electro-optic switches in the implementation of quantum channels. Hence, the efficiency of quantum cryptography protocols can significantly be increased, in many situations. All networks quantum cryptography protocols are simulated via the object oriented programming (OOP) approach using the Borland C ++ Compiler Version 4.5. Simulation results for both error elimination and privacy amplification stages are presented. It is important to mention that all the described protocols are secure even against an enemy possessing unlimited computing power.
In today's communication networks, the widespread use of optical fiber and passive optical elements allows to use quantum key distribution (QKD) in the current standard optical network infrastructure. In the past few years, quantum key distribution schemes have attracted much study. The security of modern cryptographic methods, like asymmetric cryptography, relies heavily on the problem of factoring large integers (Rivest et al., 1978), (Schneier, 1996). In the future, if quantum computers become reality, any information exchange using current classical cryptographic schemes will be immediately insecure (Shor, 1994), (Shor, 1997). Current classical cryptographic methods are not able to guarantee longterm security. Other cryptographic methods, with absolute security must be applied in the future.
A Y-00 transceiver for quantum encryption communication systems employing the Yuen-2000 protocol based on optical intensity modulation, which utilizes the quantum effect of coherent light has been developed and tested in field experiments. These experiments involved repeated transmission over a 192-km line on an existing commercial optical communication network with a bit-rate of 2.5 Gb/s based on STM-16 or OC-48. In addition, the affinity of the developed system for existing networks and communication protocols (Gigabit Ethernet and Fibre Channel) was examined. Subsequently, three optical fiber amplifiers were inserted as intermediate repeaters to give a non-repeated transmission distance of 48 km. The bit error rate after 192-km transmission was 10-12with an optical power of -19.4 dBm at the receiving end. In addition, it was confirmed that if an eavesdropper increased the received optical power, the bit error rate converged to about 5 × 10- 1and the identification of the true signal levels was virtually impracticable. These experimental results confirmed the high affinity between the Y-00 system and existing optical commercial networks and protocols used in the fundamental experiments. It was also apparent that the realization of highly secure optical communication networks was feasible. The performance of the Y-00 transceiver can be expected to improve to meet the strictest security evaluation.