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Annalen der Physik

Änderung der effektiven Übergangswahrscheinlichkeit der induzierten Emission durch Störung des unteren Niveaus

W. Brunner, Henryk Paul, G. Richter, Heinz Steudel

Published Jan 1, 1968• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract The perturbation of the process of stimulated transition, in case the lower level is coupled to a third level by a) a spontaneous emission or b) a second stimulated transition. is investigated theoretically. For strong perturbation a quantum mechanical treatment of the problem — in contrast to a calculation using rate equations — yields a reduction of the effective transition rate for the stimulated transition which may be interpreted in case a) as a broadening and in case b) as a splitting of the level, thus giving some insight into the disappearance of the laser effect due to sufficiently strong pumping discussed in a preceding paper.

DOI
10.1002/andp.19684760309

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IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics•Oct 9, 2014•26 citations
Abstract The perturbation of the process of stimulated transition, in case the lower level is coupled to a third level by a) a spontaneous emission or b) a second stimulated transition. is investigated theoretically. For strong perturbation a quantum mechanical treatment of the problem — in contrast to a calculation using rate equations — yields a reduction of the effective transition rate for the stimulated transition which may be interpreted in case a) as a broadening and in case b) as a splitting of the level, thus giving some insight into the disappearance of the laser effect due to sufficiently strong pumping discussed in a preceding paper.
The perturbation of a CW laser by a coupled optical transition is studied. In case of incoherent perturbation light, the laser photon number has been calculated recently by a fully quantum‐mechanical approach. It is more easily obtained by simple rate equations, if the effect on the transition probability is considered by the introduction of a line broadening. In case of coherent perturbing radiation, a properly defined transition probability is derived from a semiclassical emission rate formula, given by FELD and JAVAN. The application on gas laser transitions reveals a dependence of the laser gain on the mutual directions of propagation of the laser light and the perturbation light.
An analysis of a three-level system using time-dependent perturbation theory shows that two distinct photon-emission processes take place within such a system when stimulated optical emission occurs: one-and two-photon transitions. The two-photon transition consists of the emission of a stimulated photon followed by the absorption of a coherent pump photon. In three-level systems which possess a narrow pump level, two-photon transitions are dominant at high pump powers while the maser line is split into two lines due to the modulation of the wave function at an angular frequency determined by the rate of pumping. This might lead to the possibility of frequency-modulating the maser line. These results are extended qualitatively to include optical masers which possess broad pump-bands.
An analysis of a three-level system using time-dependent perturbation theory shows that two distinct photon-emission processes take place within such a system when stimulated optical emission occurs: one-and two-photon transitions. The two-photon transition consists of the emission of a stimulated photon followed by the absorption of a coherent pump photon.In three-level systems which possess a narrow pump level, two-photon transitions are dominant at high pump powers while the maser line is split into two lines due to the modulation of the wave function at an angular frequency determined by the rate of pumping. This might lead to the possibility of frequency-modulating the maser line. These results are extended qualitatively to include optical masers which possess broad pump-bands.
An analysis of a three-level system using time-dependent perturbation theory shows that two distinct photon-emission processes take place within such a system when stimulated optical emission occurs: one-and two-photon transitions. The two-photon transition consists of the emission of a stimulated photon followed by the absorption of a coherent pump photon. In three-level systems which possess a narrow pump level, two-photon transitions are dominant at high pump powers while the maser line is split into two lines due to the modulation of the wave function at an angular frequency determined by the rate of pumping. This might lead to the possibility of frequency-modulating the maser line. These results are extended qualitatively to include optical masers which possess broad pump-bands.
Radiation can change the energy state of matter via three optical processes: spontaneous emission, absorption and stimulated emission. In spontaneous emission, an excited atomic or molecular state decays to a lower energy state with the emission of a photon of energy equal to the difference in the quantum state energies. Photon absorption is the reverse process, with a photon causing excitation from a lower to an excited quantum state. Stimulated emission was first proposed by Einstein in a paper published in 1917. He attempted to balance spontaneous emission and photon absorption, but could not get the correct balance without the postulated process of stimulated emission (see Section 4.2). With stimulated emission, an excited quantum state is stimulated to decay to a lower quantum state by an impinging photon. The existing photon survives with another identical photon being created (so that energy is conserved). The rates at which radiative transitions occur can be calculated using quantum mechanics. The time-dependent Schrodinger equation is used with the system wavefunction comprising time-varying linear combinations of the two wavefunctions for the lower and upper quantum states. In semi-classical treatments, an atom is treated quantum mechanically with the radiation field treated classically. There is a perturbation in energy associated with, say, the electric field of the radiation interacting with the electric dipole of the atom, though other interactions can be significant if the electric dipole interaction energy is small. In absorption, for example, a differential equation representing the change in ‘weighting’ of the wavefunction from the lower to upper state is obtained. A ‘time constant’ for the speed of change represents the rate of the radiative process. We examine the quantum mechanical nature of radiation absorption in Section 10.1 before discussing (Section 10.3) another important parameter arising with radiative transitions between discrete bound quantum states: the lineshape function. Quantum Theory of the Atom–Radiation Interaction An expression for the Einstein B-coefficient for photo-absorption is derived using quantum mechanics in this section. Einstein determined the detailed balance relationship between the rates of spontaneous emission, photo-absorption and stimulated emission when light interacts with an atom by considering an atomic system of two energy levels which are in equilibrium with a black-body radiation field. We use a semi-classical treatment where the atom is treated quantum mechanically and the radiation field is treated as a classical oscillating electric field.
We review the physics underlying the process of spontaneous emission, with a special focus on spontaneous emission into a resonator mode. We define the mode volume, verify the fundamental modal dimensions, present the spectral mode profile, the coherence time, the Q-factor, the Füchtbauer-Ladenburg equation, and the Purcell factor, and discuss their influence on different types of lasers. We obtain the relation between peak emission cross section, radiative lifetime, and emission linewidth. By interpreting spontaneous emission as stimulated emission driven by vacuum fluctuations, we derive the spontaneous-emission rate into a resonator mode and establish physical expressions for the fractions of spontaneous emission and total decay from the upper laser level into this mode. Furthermore, we discuss coupling of the atomic system with the coherent field inside a lasing resonator mode, resulting in the formation of a Mollow triplet, and demonstrate that it leads to a reduction of the spontaneous-emission rate by a factor of 2.