Coherence and Quantum Optics V: Proceedings of the Fifth Rochester Conference on Coherence and Quantum Optics held at the University of Rochester, June 13–15, 1983
W1 Resonant Pulse Propagation I.- W1-1 Some Nonlinear Properties of Pulse Propagation.- W1-2 Self-Induced Transparency in the Broadline and Narrowline Limits and Applications.- W1-3 Observation of Zero-Degree Pulse Propagation in a Resonant Medium.- W1-4 Higher Conservation Laws and Coherent Pulse Propagation.- W2 Quantum Electrodynamics and Alternative Theories I.- W2-1 Survey of the Present Status of Neoclassical Radiation Theory.- W2-2 A Test of Jaynes' Neoclassical Theory: Incoherent Resonance Fluorescence from a Coherently Excited State.- W2-3 Experimental Limitations to the Validity of Semiclassical Radiation Theories.- W2-4 Time Delay Statistics of Photoelectric Emissions: An Experimental Test of Classical Radiation Theory.- W3 Coherence Effects in Spontaneous Emission I.- W3-1 Non-Linear Radiation Reaction.- W3-2 Master Equations in the Theory of Incoherent and Coherent Spontaneous Emission.- W3-3 Influence of Resonant Frequency Shifts on Superradiant Damping.- W3-4 Spontaneous Emission Rate in the Presence of a Mirror.- W4 Coherence I.- W4-1 Atomic Coherent States in Quantum Optics.- W4-2 Coherent States in Modern Physics.- W4-3 Debye Representation and Multipole Expansion of the Quantized Free Electromagnetic Field.- W4-4 Volume of Coherence.- T1 Quantum Electrodynamics and Alternative Theories II.- T1-1 A Quantum Treatment of Spontaneous Emission without Photons.- T1-2 Finite Quantum and Classical Electrodynamics.- T1-3 The Use of Classical Solutions in Quantum Optics.- T1-4 Raman Effect in Semiclassical Theory.- T2 Light Scattering I.- T2-1 Theory of Resonant Light Scattering Processes in Solids.- T2-2 A Generalized Extinction Theorem and Its Role in Scattering Theory.- T2-3 Mode Analysis and Mode Coupling of Electromagnetic Fields in Spatially Dispersive Media.- T2-4 Amplitude Stabilization of Pulses from a Q-Switched Ruby Laser by Means of Interaction with a Non-Linear Medium.- T3 Correlation and Fluctuation Measurements.- T3-1 Two-Photon Time Distributions in Mixed Light Beams.- T3-2 Photocounting Inversion in Presence of Dead Time Effects.- T3-3 Image Reconstruction from the Modulus of the Correlation Function: A Practical Approach to the Phase Problem of Coherence Theory.- T3-4 Photon-Correlation Spectroscopy.- T3-5 Multi-Time Intervals Distributions of Photoelectrons from Stationary Pseudo-Thermal Light with Gaussian Spectrum.- T4 Light Scattering II.- T4-1 Adventures in Green's Land: Light Scattering in Anisotropic Media.- T4-2 Intensity Fluctuation Techniques in Light Scattering.- T4-3 Coherence Properties of Light through a Liquid Crystal.- T4-4 C. Non-Critical Rayleigh Scattering from Pure Liquids.- T5 Coherence Effects in Spontaneous Emission II.- T5-1 Cooperative Effects in Spontaneous Emission.- T5-2 Amplified Spontaneous Emission.- T5-3 Non-Gaussian Statistics of Superradiant Radiation from Saturated Xenon 3.5?m Laser Amplifier.- T5-4 On the Theory of Radiating Electrons.- T6 Coherent Light Interactions.- T6-1 Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy by Saturation with Coherent Light.- T6-2 Response Functions for Strongly Driven Systems.- T6-3 Mechanism of Interaction of Picosecond Light Pulses with Matter Yielding Self-Trapping.- T6-4 Resonance Fluorescence Lineshapes with Intense Applied Fields.- T6-5 Electron Beams as Carriers of Optical Coherence.- T7 Lasers.- T7-1 Detuned Single Mode Laser and Detailed Balance.- T7-2 Tunable Raman Lasers.- T7-3 Dye Lasers: Recent Advances in Tunable Systems.- F1 Quantum Electrodynamics and Alternative Theories III.- F1-1 A Theory of Light without Photons: Implications from Fermis to Light Years.- F1-2 Blackbody Heat Capacity and Action-at-a-Distance Electrodynamics.- F1-3 The Implications of Radiative Equilibrium in Jaynes' Extension of Semiclassical Radiation Theory.- F1-4 A Quantum Electrodynamic Investigation of the Jaynes-Crisp-Stroud Approach to Spontaneous Emission.- F1-5 Critical Comments on Radiation Theory.- F2 Resonant Pulse Propagation II.- F2-1 Cooperative Phenomena in Resonant Propagation.- F2-2 Theory of Sub-Cooperation-Limit Optical Pulses in Resonant Absorbers.- F2-3 Multiple Pulse Chirping in Self-Induced Transparency.- F2-4 Coupled Superradiance Master Equations: Application to Fluctuations in Coherent Pulse Propagation in Resonant Media.- F3 Coherence II.- F3-1 The Laser-Phase Transition Analogy - Recent Developments.- F3-2 Multiple-Time-Scale Analysis of Coherent Radiation.- F3-3 Orthogonal Operators and Phase Space Distributions in Quantum Optics.- F4 Coherence Effects in Spontaneous Emission III.- F4-1 Radiation by Many Excited Atoms between Mirrors.- F4-2 Transient Coherent Emission.- F4-3 Superradiance from a System of 3-Level Particles.- F4-4 A Quantum Electrodynamic View of Superradiance as a Competition between Stimulated and Spontaneous Atomic Decay.- F5 Post Deadline Session.- F5-1 Third- and Higher-Order Intensity Correlations in Laser Light.- F5-2 Correlation Function of a Laser Beam near Threshold.- F5-3 Localization of Photons.- F5-4 Adiabatic Following and the Self-Defocusing of Light in Rubidium Vapor.- F5-5 Experimental Evidence of an X-Ray Laser.- F5-6 Quantum Theory of Photodetection and Coherence Properties of Electrons.- F5-7 Statistics of Light Scattered by Non-Gaussian Fluctuations.- F6 Quantum Noise.- F6-1 Unified Thermodynamics of Dissipative Structures and Coherence in Nonlinear Optics.- F6-2 The Approach to Thermal Equilibrium in Systems of Coupled Quantum Oscillators Initially in a Generalized Gaussian State.- F6-3 Comparison between Incoherent and Chaotic Sources: Contribution to the Study of the Origin of Bunching Effect.- F6-4 Self-Pulsing in Laser Amplification of Broadband Noise.- Author Index.
W1 Resonant Pulse Propagation I.- W1-1 Some Nonlinear Properties of Pulse Propagation.- W1-2 Self-Induced Transparency in the Broadline and Narrowline Limits and Applications.- W1-3 Observation of Zero-Degree Pulse Propagation in a Resonant Medium.- W1-4 Higher Conservation Laws and Coherent Pulse Propagation.- W2 Quantum Electrodynamics and Alternative Theories I.- W2-1 Survey of the Present Status of Neoclassical Radiation Theory.- W2-2 A Test of Jaynes' Neoclassical Theory: Incoherent Resonance Fluorescence from a Coherently Excited State.- W2-3 Experimental Limitations to the Validity of Semiclassical Radiation Theories.- W2-4 Time Delay Statistics of Photoelectric Emissions: An Experimental Test of Classical Radiation Theory.- W3 Coherence Effects in Spontaneous Emission I.- W3-1 Non-Linear Radiation Reaction.- W3-2 Master Equations in the Theory of Incoherent and Coherent Spontaneous Emission.- W3-3 Influence of Resonant Frequency Shifts on Superradiant Damping.- W3-4 Spontaneous Emission Rate in the Presence of a Mirror.- W4 Coherence I.- W4-1 Atomic Coherent States in Quantum Optics.- W4-2 Coherent States in Modern Physics.- W4-3 Debye Representation and Multipole Expansion of the Quantized Free Electromagnetic Field.- W4-4 Volume of Coherence.- T1 Quantum Electrodynamics and Alternative Theories II.- T1-1 A Quantum Treatment of Spontaneous Emission without Photons.- T1-2 Finite Quantum and Classical Electrodynamics.- T1-3 The Use of Classical Solutions in Quantum Optics.- T1-4 Raman Effect in Semiclassical Theory.- T2 Light Scattering I.- T2-1 Theory of Resonant Light Scattering Processes in Solids.- T2-2 A Generalized Extinction Theorem and Its Role in Scattering Theory.- T2-3 Mode Analysis and Mode Coupling of Electromagnetic Fields in Spatially Dispersive Media.- T2-4 Amplitude Stabilization of Pulses from a Q-Switched Ruby Laser by Means of Interaction with a Non-Linear Medium.- T3 Correlation and Fluctuation Measurements.- T3-1 Two-Photon Time Distributions in Mixed Light Beams.- T3-2 Photocounting Inversion in Presence of Dead Time Effects.- T3-3 Image Reconstruction from the Modulus of the Correlation Function: A Practical Approach to the Phase Problem of Coherence Theory.- T3-4 Photon-Correlation Spectroscopy.- T3-5 Multi-Time Intervals Distributions of Photoelectrons from Stationary Pseudo-Thermal Light with Gaussian Spectrum.- T4 Light Scattering II.- T4-1 Adventures in Green's Land: Light Scattering in Anisotropic Media.- T4-2 Intensity Fluctuation Techniques in Light Scattering.- T4-3 Coherence Properties of Light through a Liquid Crystal.- T4-4 C. Non-Critical Rayleigh Scattering from Pure Liquids.- T5 Coherence Effects in Spontaneous Emission II.- T5-1 Cooperative Effects in Spontaneous Emission.- T5-2 Amplified Spontaneous Emission.- T5-3 Non-Gaussian Statistics of Superradiant Radiation from Saturated Xenon 3.5?m Laser Amplifier.- T5-4 On the Theory of Radiating Electrons.- T6 Coherent Light Interactions.- T6-1 Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy by Saturation with Coherent Light.- T6-2 Response Functions for Strongly Driven Systems.- T6-3 Mechanism of Interaction of Picosecond Light Pulses with Matter Yielding Self-Trapping.- T6-4 Resonance Fluorescence Lineshapes with Intense Applied Fields.- T6-5 Electron Beams as Carriers of Optical Coherence.- T7 Lasers.- T7-1 Detuned Single Mode Laser and Detailed Balance.- T7-2 Tunable Raman Lasers.- T7-3 Dye Lasers: Recent Advances in Tunable Systems.- F1 Quantum Electrodynamics and Alternative Theories III.- F1-1 A Theory of Light without Photons: Implications from Fermis to Light Years.- F1-2 Blackbody Heat Capacity and Action-at-a-Distance Electrodynamics.- F1-3 The Implications of Radiative Equilibrium in Jaynes' Extension of Semiclassical Radiation Theory.- F1-4 A Quantum Electrodynamic Investigation of the Jaynes-Crisp-Stroud Approach to Spontaneous Emission.- F1-5 Critical Comments on Radiation Theory.- F2 Resonant Pulse Propagation II.- F2-1 Cooperative Phenomena in Resonant Propagation.- F2-2 Theory of Sub-Cooperation-Limit Optical Pulses in Resonant Absorbers.- F2-3 Multiple Pulse Chirping in Self-Induced Transparency.- F2-4 Coupled Superradiance Master Equations: Application to Fluctuations in Coherent Pulse Propagation in Resonant Media.- F3 Coherence II.- F3-1 The Laser-Phase Transition Analogy - Recent Developments.- F3-2 Multiple-Time-Scale Analysis of Coherent Radiation.- F3-3 Orthogonal Operators and Phase Space Distributions in Quantum Optics.- F4 Coherence Effects in Spontaneous Emission III.- F4-1 Radiation by Many Excited Atoms between Mirrors.- F4-2 Transient Coherent Emission.- F4-3 Superradiance from a System of 3-Level Particles.- F4-4 A Quantum Electrodynamic View of Superradiance as a Competition between Stimulated and Spontaneous Atomic Decay.- F5 Post Deadline Session.- F5-1 Third- and Higher-Order Intensity Correlations in Laser Light.- F5-2 Correlation Function of a Laser Beam near Threshold.- F5-3 Localization of Photons.- F5-4 Adiabatic Following and the Self-Defocusing of Light in Rubidium Vapor.- F5-5 Experimental Evidence of an X-Ray Laser.- F5-6 Quantum Theory of Photodetection and Coherence Properties of Electrons.- F5-7 Statistics of Light Scattered by Non-Gaussian Fluctuations.- F6 Quantum Noise.- F6-1 Unified Thermodynamics of Dissipative Structures and Coherence in Nonlinear Optics.- F6-2 The Approach to Thermal Equilibrium in Systems of Coupled Quantum Oscillators Initially in a Generalized Gaussian State.- F6-3 Comparison between Incoherent and Chaotic Sources: Contribution to the Study of the Origin of Bunching Effect.- F6-4 Self-Pulsing in Laser Amplification of Broadband Noise.- Author Index.
Electromagnetic Wave Theory and Measurement of Light Electromagnetic Wave Theory of Light Classical Superposition Measurement of Light Intensity of Light: Expectation and Fluctuation Measurement of Intensity: Ensemble Average and Time Average Coherence Property of Light-The State of the Radiation Coherence Property of Light Temporal Coherence Spatial Coherence Diffraction and Propagation Diffraction Field Propagation Optical Imaging A Classic Imaging System Fourier Transform via a Lens First-Order Coherence of Light First-Order Temporal Coherence First-Order Spatial Coherence Second-Order Coherence of Light Second-Order Coherence of Coherent Light Second-Order Correlation of Chaotic-Thermal Radiation and the HBT Interferometer The Physical Cause of the HBT Phenomenon Near-Field Second-Order Spatial Coherence of Thermal Light Nth-Order Coherence of Light Nth-Order Near-Field Spatial Coherence of Thermal Light Homodyne Detection and Heterodyne Detection of Light Optical Homodyne and Heterodyne Detection Balanced Homodyne and Heterodyne Detection Balanced Homodyne Detection of Independent and Coupled Thermal Fields Quantum Theory of Light: Field Quantization and Measurement The Experimental Foundation-Part I: Blackbody Radiation The Experimental Foundation-Part II: Photoelectric Effect The Light Quantum and the Field Quantization Photon Number State of Radiation Field Coherent State of Radiation Field Density Operator and Density Matrix Composite System and Two-Photon State of Radiation Field A Simple Model of Incoherent and Coherent Radiation Source Pure State and Mixed State Product State, Entangled State, and Mixed State of Photon Pairs Time-Dependent Perturbation Theory Measurement of Light: Photon Counting Measurement of Light: Joint Detection of Photons Field Propagation in Space-Time Quantum Theory of Optical Coherence Quantum Degree of First-Order Coherence Photon and Effective Wavefunction Measurement of the First-Order Coherence or Correlation Quantum Degree of Second-Order Coherence Two-Photon Interference vs. Statistical Correlation of Intensity Fluctuations Second-Order Spatial Correlation of Thermal Light Photon Counting and Measurement of G(2) Quantum Entanglement EPR Experiment and EPR State Product State, Entangled State, and Classically Correlated State Entangled States in Spin Variables Entangled Biphoton State EPR Correlation of Entangled Biphoton System Subsystem in an Entangled Two-Photon State Biphoton in Dispersive Media Quantum Imaging Biphoton Imaging Ghost Imaging Ghost Imaging and Uncertainty Relation Thermal Light Ghost Imaging Classical Simulation of Ghost Imaging Turbulence-Free Ghost Imaging Two-Photon Interferometry I: Biphoton Interference Is Two-Photon Interference the Interference of Two Photons? Two-Photon Interference with Orthogonal Polarization Franson Interferometer Two-Photon Ghost Interference Delayed Choice Quantum Eraser Two-Photon Interferometry II: Quantum Interference of Chaotic Light Two-Photon Young's Interference Two-Photon Anticorrelation with Incoherent Chaotic Light Two-Photon Interference with Incoherent Orthogonal Polarized Chaotic Light Bell's Theorem and Bell's Inequality Measurement Hidden Variable Theory and Quantum Calculation for the Measurement of Spin 1/2 Bohm State Bell's Theorem and Bell's Inequality Bell States Bell State Preparation
Although the primarily phenomenological theory of absorption and refraction of light by matter, based on classical models as presented in Chapter 4, is very useful, it is incomplete and often inadequate. A more complete and accurate picture of electrodynamics is given by the theory of quantum optics, and that is the topic of this chapter. The models developed in this chapter are more detailed and therefore more complicated than the phenomenological models of Chapter 4. The most robust models, which are applied in Part II, are presented in this chapter. The quantum models accurately represent experimental data and allow extrapolation and interpolation of such data. Many practical computer based models concerning optical propagation are based on this theory. The theory of elastic scatter as presented in Chapter 4 is consistent with quantum optics and is not presented again. (However, inelastic scatter must address the quantum nature of the scattering medium.) Quantum optics is not completely covered in this chapter. Entire textbooks are devoted to this diverse and comprehensive topic covering optics (see Refs. 5.1–5.3). The emphasis of this book is on absorption and reflection spectroscopy. Now details of internal structure of the medium impacting light–matter interaction are examined. The classical oscillator model is upgraded by semiclassical radiation theory and a quantum oscillator model is developed. Semiclassical radiation theory is based on a quantized medium coupled to a classical field. It is often applied to laser theory, where near-line-center stimulated emission dominates. The quantum oscillator model again utilizes the quantized medium and classical field, but with more attention to detailed balance between absorption and emission. It satisfies causality and the fundamental symmetry relationships established in Chapter 2. These quantum optics models are more complete formalisms and provide solutions to the shortcomings of classical electrodynamics. Of particular interest to propagation in gaseous media is the line shape in the far wing. To achieve long path lengths, propagation near line center of a resonance must be avoided. Line shape models in quantum optics accurately represent much of the frequency and temperature dependence observed in experimental data.
Optical experiments reveal the fact that real laser pulses have random fluctuations in their amplitude and phase that crucially affect pulse evolution. Statistical optics considers the random nature of light to give a more realistic description of laser pulses behavior. Generation of ultrashort pulses, operating at frequencies close to internal transition frequencies of medium atoms, motivated the growing interest in studying on-resonance light-matter interactions. Moreover, there exist optical phenomena that only occur at optical resonance. Thus, near resonance light-matter interactions are of great importance. In this dissertation, statistical properties of ultrashort pulses propagating in different linear and nonlinear media near optical resonance is studied. Various partially coherent pulses are simulated and effects of initial statistical properties of pulses on their propagation in resonant absorbing and amplifying media are explored. The research performed throughout this thesis leads to following results. 1- Various classes of ultrashort self-similar partially coherent pulses are explored along with closed form expressions for their correlation functions. Also, the evolution of coherence properties of pulses upon their short-distance and long-distance propagation is investigated. 2- Generic partially coherent pulses are simulated and their global and local correlation properties upon propagation in resonant linear absorber media are studied. The evolution of the coherence functions of pulses shows that partially coherent pulses are strongly affected by the medium regarding to their coherence levels. A correlation area theorem is also derived to describe global correlation properties of stochastic pulses propagating in such media. 3- Evolution of small-area pulse coherence properties, propagating in linear amplifiers near optical resonance, is studied. Our simulation results reveal that more coherent pulses are amplified more effectively by the medium than are their less coherent counterparts. 4- Propagation of partially coherent pulses in resonant, inhomogenously broadened nonlinear media is simulated. Stochastic pulses of different coherence levels are generated to investigate effects of initial properties of pulses on their long-term evolution. We also provide evidence of self-induced transparency phenomena and soliton formation for relatively coherent pulses. Also, evolution of the coherence functions reveal that low-coherence pulses lose their coherence level upon propagation faster than do highly coherent pulses.
Abstract This book is an introduction to quantum optics for students who have studied electromagnetism and quantum mechanics at an advanced undergraduate or graduate level. It provides detailed expositions of theory with emphasis on general physical principles. Foundational topics in classical and quantum electrodynamics, including the semiclassical theory of atom-field interactions, the quantization of the electromagnetic field in dispersive and dissipative media, uncertainty relations, and spontaneous emission, are addressed in the first half of the book. The second half begins with a chapter on the Jaynes-Cummings model, dressed states, and some distinctly quantum-mechanical features of atom-field interactions, and includes discussion of entanglement, the no-cloning theorem, von Neumann’s proof concerning hidden variable theories, Bell’s theorem, and tests of Bell inequalities. The last two chapters focus on quantum fluctuations and fluctuation-dissipation relations, beginning with Brownian motion, the Fokker-Planck equation, and classical and quantum Langevin equations. Detailed calculations are presented for the laser linewidth, spontaneous emission noise, photon statistics of linear amplifiers and attenuators, and other phenomena. Van der Waals interactions, Casimir forces, the Lifshitz theory of molecular forces between macroscopic media, and the many-body theory of such forces based on dyadic Green functions are analyzed from the perspective of Langevin noise, vacuum field fluctuations, and zero-point energy. There are numerous historical sidelights throughout the book, and approximately seventy exercises.
Optical response of an active medium can substantially be modified when coherent superpositions of states are excited, that is, when systems display quantum coherence and interference. This has led to fascinating applications in atomic and molecular systems. Examples include coherent population trapping, lasing without inversion, electromagnetically induced transparency, cooperative spontaneous emission, and quantum entanglement. \n \nWe study quantum coherence effects in several quantum optical systems and find interesting applications. We show that quantum coherence can lead to transient Raman lasing and lasing without inversion in short wavelength spectral regions--extreme ultraviolet and x-ray--without the requirement of incoherent pumping. For example, we demonstrate transient Raman lasing at 58.4 nm in Helium atom and transient lasing without inversion at 6.1 nm in Helium-like Boron (triply-ionized Boron). We also investigate dynamical properties of a collective superradiant state prepared by absorption of a single photon when the size of the sample is larger than the radiation wavelength. We show that for large number of atoms such a state, to a good approximation, decays exponentially with a rate proportional to the number of atoms. We also find that the collective frequency shift resulting from repeated emission and reabsorption of short-lived virtual photons is proportional to the number of species in the sample. Furthermore, we examine how a position-dependent excitation phase affects the evolution of entanglement between two dipole-coupled qubits. It turns out that the coherence induced by position-dependent excitation phase slows down the otherwise fast decay of the two-qubit entanglement. We also show that it is possible to entangle two spatially separated and uncoupled qubits via interaction with correlated photons in a cavity quantum electrodynamics setup. Finally, we analyze how quantum coherence can be used to generate continuous-variable entanglement in quantum-beat lasers in steady state and propose possible implementation in quantum lithography.
This book presents the papers given at a conference on quantum optics. Topics considered at the conference included the growth of precipitates in a super saturated system, a space-time picture of relativistic propagation of medium energy hadrons through nuclei, lattice gauge theories, electron-nucleus scattering, short optical pulses, gaussons of the electromagnetic field, collision-induced coherence, spontaneous oscillations in a laser with injected signals, amplitude and phase in quantum optics, and Rydberg atoms in resonant cavities.