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Physical review. B, Condensed matter

Properties of a Fermi liquid at the superfluid transition in the crossover region between BCS superconductivity and Bose-Einstein condensation

R. Haussmann

Published May 1, 1994• 245 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The self-consistent equations, which have been derived recently as a microscopic model for the crossover between BCS superconductivity and Bose-Einstein condensation in a three-dimensional interacting Fermi system [R. Haussmann, Z. Phys. B 91, 291 (1993)], are solved numerically by repeated Fourier transformation. We find a superfluid transition temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ which increases monotonically with increasing attractive coupling strength. Furthermore, we determine the chemical potential \ensuremath{\mu}, the fermion distribution function n(k), and the complex effective mass 2${\mathit{m}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ of the fermion pairs at T=${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$. The bound fermion pairs cause a power-law tail \ensuremath{\sim}${\mathit{k}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$ in n(k) for large k and behave as short-living quasiparticles in the crossover region, which is indicated by a large imaginary part of 2${\mathit{m}}^{\mathrm{*}}$.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.49.12975

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The self-consistent equations, which have been derived recently as a microscopic model for the crossover between BCS superconductivity and Bose-Einstein condensation in a three-dimensional interacting Fermi system [R. Haussmann, Z. Phys. B 91, 291 (1993)], are solved numerically by repeated Fourier transformation. We find a superfluid transition temperature Tc{\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}Tc​ which increases monotonically with increasing attractive coupling strength. Furthermore, we determine the chemical potential \ensuremath{\mu}, the fermion distribution function n(k), and the complex effective mass 2m∗{\mathit{m}}^{\mathrm{*}}m∗ of the fermion pairs at T=Tc{\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}Tc​. The bound fermion pairs cause a power-law tail \ensuremath{\sim}k\ensuremath−4{\mathit{k}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}k\ensuremath−4 in n(k) for large k and behave as short-living quasiparticles in the crossover region, which is indicated by a large imaginary part of 2m∗{\mathit{m}}^{\mathrm{*}}m∗.
For the Cooper/BCS model interaction in superconductors (SCs) it is shown: a) how BCS-Bose crossover picture transition temperatures Tc, defined self-consistently by both the gap and fermion-number equations, require unphysically large couplings to differ significantly from the Tc of ordinary BCS theory defined without the number equation since here the chemical potential is assumed equal to the Fermi energy; how although ignoring either hole- or electron-Cooper-pairs in the recent "complete boson-fermion model": b) one obtains the precise BCS gap equation for all temperatures T, but c) only half the zero-temperature BCS condensation energy emerges. Results (b) and (c) are also expected to hold for neutral-fermion superfluids (SFs)--such as liquid 3^33He, neutron matter and trapped ultra-cold fermion atomic gases--where the pair-forming two-fermion interaction of course differs from the Cooper/BCS one for SCs.
A self-consistent theory is derived to describe the BCS--Bose-Einstein-condensate crossover for a strongly interacting Fermi gas with a Feshbach resonance. In the theory the fluctuation of the dressed molecules, consisting of both preformed Cooper pairs and ``bare'' Feshbach molecules, has been included within a self-consistent TTT-matrix approximation, beyond the Nozi\`eres and Schmitt-Rink strategy considered by Ohashi and Griffin. The resulting self-consistent equations are solved numerically to investigate the normal-state properties of the crossover at various resonance widths. It is found that the superfluid transition temperature Tc{T}_{c}Tc​ increases monotonically at all widths as the effective interaction between atoms becomes more attractive. Furthermore, a residue factor Zm{Z}_{m}Zm​ of the molecule's Green function and a complex effective mass have been determined to characterize the fraction and lifetime of Feshbach molecules at Tc{T}_{c}Tc​. Our many-body calculations of Zm{Z}_{m}Zm​ agree qualitatively well with recent measurments of the gas of 6Li^{6}\mathrm{Li}6Li atoms near the broad resonance at 834G834\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{G}834G. The crossover from narrow to broad resonances has also been studied.
This article gives a detailed review of our current theoretical understanding of the crossover from cooperative Cooper pairing to independent bound-state formation and Bose–Einstein condensation in Fermi systems with increasing attractive interactions. Introduction There are two well-known paradigms for understanding the phenomena of superconductivity and superfluidity: (I) BCS theory [1], in which the normal state is a degenerate Fermi liquid that undergoes a pairing instability at a temperature T c ≪ ε f , the degeneracy scale. The formation of Cooper pairs and their condensation (macroscopic occupation of a single quantum state) both occur simultaneously at the transition temperature T c . (II) Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC) of bosons at a T c of the order of their degeneracy temperature. At a fundamental level these bosons (for example, 4 He or excitons) are invariably composite objects made up of an even number of fermions. The composite particles form at some very high temperature scale of the order of their dissociation temperature T dissoc , and these “pre-formed” bosons then condense at the BEC T c ≪ T dissoc . In most cases of experimental interest the system under consideration clearly falls into one category or the other. For instance, 3 He is a Fermi superfluid described by (I) whereas 4 He is a Bose superfluid (II). Essentially all cases of superconductivity in metals that we understand reasonably well are much closer to (I) than to (II), as evidenced by the existence of fermionic quasiparticles above T c .
We determine the size of the critical region of the superfluid transition in the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer--Bose-Einstein condensation (BCS-BEC) crossover of a three-dimensional fermion gas, using a renormalization-group approach to a bosonic theory of pairing fluctuations. For the unitary Fermi gas, we find a sizable critical region $[{T}_{G}^{\ensuremath{-}},{T}_{G}^{+}]$, of order Tc{T}_{c}Tc​, around the transition temperature Tc{T}_{c}Tc​ with a pronounced asymmetry: $|{T}_{G}^{+}\ensuremath{-}{T}_{c}|/|{T}_{G}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{-}{T}_{c}|\ensuremath{\sim}8$. The critical region is strongly suppressed on the BCS side of the crossover but remains important on the BEC side.
The properties of a mixture of mutually interacting bound electron pairs and itinerant fermions (the boson-fermion model) on a lattice are further studied. We determine the superconducting critical temperature from a pseudogap phase by applying a self-consistent TTT-matrix approach, which includes the pairing fluctuations and the boson self-energy effects. The analysis is made for a three dimensional cubic lattice with tight-binding dispersion for electrons and for both standard bosons and the case of hard-core bosons. The results describe the BCS-Bose-Einstein condensation crossover with varying position of the bosonic (local pair) level and give a further insight into the nature of resonance superfluidity in the boson-fermion model.
We consider the BCS-BEC (Bose-Einstein-condensate) crossover for a system of trapped Fermi atoms at finite temperature, both below and above the superfluid critical temperature, by including fluctuations beyond mean field. We determine the superfluid critical temperature and the pair-breaking temperature as functions of the attractive interaction between Fermi atoms, from the weak- to the strong-coupling limit (where bosonic molecules form as bound-fermion pairs). Density profiles in the trap are also obtained for all temperatures and couplings.