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International Journal of Theoretical Physics

On Invariant Subspace In Quantum Control Systems and Some Concepts of Integrable Quantum Systems

Andrzej Jamiołkowski, Takeo Kamizawa, Grzegorz Pastuszak

Published Jan 11, 2015• 10 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/s10773-014-2498-6

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Quantum coherence of open quantum systems is usually compromised because of the interaction with the ambient environment. Here, we introduce the concept of Decoherence Splitting Manifold (DSM), a submanifold of the space of density operators, wherein the system's density matrix clearly exhibits a splitting between a unitarily evolving subdensity corresponding to some given set of its eigenvalues, which we aim to preserve, and another subdensity, in which eigenvalues are not preserved. The eigenspace of the eigenvalues that are preserved provides the concept of (time-varying) Decoherence Protected Subspace (DPS), a concept that subtlety differs from the (time-varying) Decoherence Free Subspace (DFS) in the way the protected subspace is embedded in the full Hilbert space. With the DSM concept, the DPS is reformulated as a complex vector bundle over the DSM. In the absence of the traditional DFS, looking for less restrictive spaces and/or utilizing quantum control may help generate and/or retain a decoherence-free subevolution. This is achieved by searching for a DSM whose tangent bundle distribution is invariant under indirect control of an auxiliary qubit.
Studied in this article is non-Markovian open quantum systems parametrized by Hamiltonian HHH, coupling operator LLL, and memory kernel function $\ensuremath{\gamma}$, which is a proper candidate for describing the dynamics of various solid-state quantum information processing devices. We look into the subspace stabilization problem of the system from the perspective of dynamical systems and control. The problem translates itself into finding analytic conditions that characterize invariant and attractive subspaces. Necessary and sufficient conditions are found for subspace invariance based on algebraic computations, and sufficient conditions are derived for subspace attractivity by applying a double integral Lyapunov functional. Mathematical proof is given for those conditions and a numerical example is provided to illustrate the theoretical result.
In the analysis of controllability of finite dimensional quantum systems, subspace controllability refers to the situation where the underlying Hilbert space splits into the direct sum of invariant subspaces, and, on each of such invariant subspaces, it is possible to generate any arbitrary unitary operation using appropriate control functions. This is a typical situation in the presence of symmetries for the dynamics. We investigate whether and when if subspace controllability is verified, the addition of an extra Hamiltonian to the dynamics implies full controllability of the system. Under the natural (and necessary) condition that the new Hamiltonian connects all the invariant subspaces, we show that this is always the case, except for a very specific case we shall describe. Even in this specific case, a weaker notion of controllability, controllability of the state ( Pure State Controllability ) is verified.