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Laser Physics Letters

An experimental comparison of BB84 and SARG04 quantum key distribution protocols

Youn-Chang Jeong, Yong‐Su Kim, Yoon-Ho Kim

Published Jun 27, 2014• 12 citations
Publisher

Abstract

SARG04 uses the same quantum states and the same measurement bases with BB84 protocol, but SARG04 can generate secret keys from two-photon pulses when BB84 cannot. We report the implementation of BB84 and SARG04 protocols using a polarization-encoded weak coherent pulse with an optical fiber quantum channel. We have experimentally investigated the secret key rate of BB84 and SARG04 protocols, and BB84 gave a higher secret key rate than SARG04.

DOI
10.1088/1612-2011/11/9/095201

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SARG04 uses the same quantum states and the same measurement bases with BB84 protocol, but SARG04 can generate secret keys from two-photon pulses when BB84 cannot. We report the implementation of BB84 and SARG04 protocols using a polarization-encoded weak coherent pulse with an optical fiber quantum channel. We have experimentally investigated the secret key rate of BB84 and SARG04 protocols, and BB84 gave a higher secret key rate than SARG04.
The decoy-state method allows the use of weak coherent pulses in quantum cryptography, and to date, various strategies for the decoy state have been proposed. Here, we experimentally compare the secret key generation rates between the one-decoy and two-decoy implementations of the Bennett-Brassard 1984 (BB84) quantum key distribution protocol through a 3.1-km optical fiber at 780 nm. Once the parameters of the experimental setup are optimized for the maximal secret key generation rate for each implementation, it is found that the two-decoy implementation outperforms the one-decoy implementation.
We compare the performance of Bennett-Brassard 1984 (BB84) and Scarani-Acin-Ribordy-Gisin 2004 (SARG04) protocols, the latter of which was proposed by V. Scarani et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 057901 (2004)]. Specifically, in this paper, we investigate the SARG04 protocol with two-way classical communications and the SARG04 protocol with decoy states. In the first part of the paper, we show that the SARG04 scheme with two-way communications can tolerate a higher bit error rate (19.4% for a one-photon source and 6.56% for a two-photon source) than the SARG04 one with one-way communications (10.95% for a one-photon source and 2.71% for a two-photon source). Also, the upper bounds on the bit error rate for the SARG04 protocol with two-way communications are computed in a closed form by considering an individual attack based on a general measurement. In the second part of the paper, we propose employing the idea of decoy states in the SARG04 scheme to obtain unconditional security even when realistic devices are used. We compare the performance of the SARG04 protocol with decoy states and the BB84 one with decoy states. We find that the optimal mean-photon number for the SARG04 scheme is higher than that of the BB84 one when the bit error rate is small. Also, we observe that the SARG04 protocol does not achieve a longer secure distance and a higher key generation rate than the BB84 one, assuming a typical experimental parameter set.
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We have presented a method to estimate parameters of the decoy state protocol based on one decoy state protocol for both BB84 and SARG04. This method can give different lower bound of the fraction of single-photon counts (y1), the fraction of two-photon counts (y2), the upper bound QBER of single-photon pulses (e1), the upper bound QBER of two-photon pulses (e2), and the lower bound of key generation rate for both BB84 and SARG04. The effects of statistical fluctuations on some parameters of our QKD system have been presented. We have also performed the optimization on the choice of intensities and percentages of signal state and decoy states which give out the maximum distance and the optimization of the key generation rate. The numerical simulation has shown that the fiber based QKD and free space QKD systems using the proposed method for BB84 are able to achieve both a higher secret key rate and greater secure distance than that of SARG04. Also, it is shown that bidirectional ground to satellite and inter-satellite communications are possible with our protocol. The experiment of decoy state QKD has been demonstrated using ID-3000 commercial QKD system based on a standard ‘Plug & Play’ set-up. One decoy state QKD has been implemented for both BB84 and SARG04 over different transmission distance of standard telecom fiber.
A method to estimate parameters of the decoy state method based on one decoy state protocol for both BB84 and SARG04 has been presented. This method has given different lower bound of the fraction of single-photon counts (y1), the fraction of two-photon counts (y2), the upper bound QBER of single -photon pulses (e1), the upper bound QBER of two-photon pulses (e2), and the lower bound of key generation rate for both BB84 and SARG04. The fiber based QKD systems also have been simulated using the proposed method for BB84 and SARG04. The numerical simulation has shown that the fiber based QKD systems using the proposed method for BB84 are able to achieve both a higher secret key rate and greater secure distance than that of SARG04.
In this paper, we provide a simple approach for determining the rate of secure key production when single-photon and two-photon pulses are used to generate the secure key. For both BB84 and SARG04, we offer estimation and optimization of decoy-state parameters for a single decoy state protocol and two decoy state protocols. This method can be used to determine the lower bound on the fraction of single-photon counts ([Formula: see text]), the fraction of two-photon counts ([Formula: see text]), the upper bound on the QBER of single-photon pulses ([Formula: see text]), the upper bound on the QBER of two-photon pulses ([Formula: see text]), and the lower bound on the key generation rate for both BB84 and SARG04. Due to the limited data size in real-world experiments, we estimate the statistical fluctuations of several parameters, including the gain and QBER of the signal state, as well as the gain and QBER of the decoy state, which are used to estimate the lower bound of key generation rate. We propose formulae that specify the optimal decoy and signal state percentages and intensities. Then we can determine the maximum and optimal key generation rate. For both SARG04 and BB84, we simulated a free space-based QKD system using our decoy state strategy. The simulation results show that free space-based QKD systems that use the suggested approach for BB84 can achieve a higher secret key rate and a greater safe distance than SARG04-based systems.