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Journal of Physics C Solid State Physics

The Ising model with a transverse field. I. High temperature expansion

Roger James Elliott, C Wood

Published Oct 28, 1971• 121 citations

Abstract

The Ising model (exchange constant J) with a transverse field Gamma can be regarded as a simple model of hydrogen bonded ferroelectrics and of certain magnetic systems. The transition temperature T C decreases as Gamma increases and falls to zero at a critical field Gamma C . This transition is studied in the quadratic and simple cubic lattices with nearest neighbour interactions by a power series expansion of the susceptibility at high T up to fifth order in (J/kT) to all orders in ( Gamma /kT). The coefficients are calculated by diagram counting and time ordering perturbation methods. The critical Gamma against T curve is derived and the critical exponent gamma of the susceptibility. This appears to vary smoothly with Gamma but it is argued that this is an artifact due to the use of a short series and that the critical exponents are probably independent of Gamma as long as T C remains finite but change discontinuity at T C =0.

DOI: 10.1088/0022-3719/4/15/023

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The Ising model (exchange constant J) with a transverse field Gamma can be regarded as a simple model of hydrogen bonded ferroelectrics and of certain magnetic systems. The transition temperature T C decreases as Gamma increases and falls to zero at a critical field Gamma C . This transition is studied in the quadratic and simple cubic lattices with nearest neighbour interactions by a power series expansion of the susceptibility at high T up to fifth order in (J/kT) to all orders in ( Gamma /kT). The coefficients are calculated by diagram counting and time ordering perturbation methods. The critical Gamma against T curve is derived and the critical exponent gamma of the susceptibility. This appears to vary smoothly with Gamma but it is argued that this is an artifact due to the use of a short series and that the critical exponents are probably independent of Gamma as long as T C remains finite but change discontinuity at T C =0.

Series expansions are presented for the magnetisation, susceptibility, magnetic field derivatives of the susceptibility and 'specific heat' of the zero-temperature transverse Ising model. Coefficients in these series have been calculated to tenth order in lambda 2 (where lambda is the transverse field) for the linear chain, to eighth order for the square lattice and to seventh order for the triangular lattice. These series yield estimates of the low-temperature critical exponents alpha ', beta ', gamma ' and Delta ' of the two- and three-dimensional Ising models. They provide good evidence for the symmetry of exponents above and below the critical point, e.g. gamma '= gamma .

Ten terms have been obtained in the high-temperature series for the fluctuation in long-range order of the Ising model in a transverse magnetic field on the three cubic lattices. This model is relevant to real materials such as singlet-singlet magnetic systems, hydrogen-bonded ferroelectrics and cooperative Jahn-Teller systems. The critical temperature of the system was obtained over essentially the entire range of the transverse field for which a phase transition exists. No crossover to the expected d=4 critical behaviour was observed at T=0.

The critical behaviour of the susceptibility of the Ising model with a transverse field is investigated by means of the perturbation expansions. Exact expressions for the coefficients up to seventh order in J / k T are given as functions of Δ/ k T for the quadratic, triangular, simple cubic, b.c.c. and f.c.c. lattices. The universality of the critical index is concluded from the analysis of the coefficients and the critical temperature is obtained as function of the transverse field for the five kinds of lattices.

For pt. III, see abstr. A21890 of 1970. A new low-temperature expansion variable for the Ising model is given. Expansions in the new variable, x=1-tanh(J/kT), then converge right up to the critical point. Power series in the new variable are derived, and then analysed by the Pade method and the method of N-point fits. For the spontaneous magnetization of the Ising model in three dimensions. beta =0.312+or-0.002 for the simple cubic lattice, beta =0.3125+or-0.0015 for the body-centred cubic lattice, and beta =0.312+or-0.004 for the face-centred cubic lattice. For the low-temperature susceptibility gamma =1.30+or-0.02, gamma =1.28+or-0.04, and gamma '=1.29+or-0.04 for the simple cubic, body-centred cubic and face-centred cubic lattices respectively. For the low-temperature specific heat the authors estimate 1 / 16 <or= alpha =0.2 for all three lattices.