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Soviet Journal of Quantum Electronics

Characteristics of intracavity laser magnetic resonance spectroscopy

V. R. Braun, Lev N. Krasnoperov, Viktor N Panfilov

Published Sep 30, 1980• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

An experimental investigation was made of the dependence of the signal in intracavity laser magnetic resonance (LMR) spectroscopy on the modulation frequency (frequency characteristic). It was found that a simple theory developed in the approximation of kinetic equations, small gain per pass, and exponential relaxation of the active medium described qualitatively the experimental data. A quantitative agreement was obtained only to within a factor of 2. Experimental and theoretical studies were made of the frequency characteristics of a laser containing a saturable absorbing gas inside the resonator. It was found that for certain values of the parameters of this gas the resonance peak of the frequency characteristic could have an unlimited amplitude. The behavior of the frequency characteristic was analyzed bearing in mind the behavior of its poles. An estimate was obtained of the influence of small amounts of a saturable gas on the sensitivity of an LMR spectrometer in the case of resonance and adiabatic modulations.

DOI
10.1070/qe1980v010n09abeh010655

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An experimental investigation was made of the dependence of the signal in intracavity laser magnetic resonance (LMR) spectroscopy on the modulation frequency (frequency characteristic). It was found that a simple theory developed in the approximation of kinetic equations, small gain per pass, and exponential relaxation of the active medium described qualitatively the experimental data. A quantitative agreement was obtained only to within a factor of 2. Experimental and theoretical studies were made of the frequency characteristics of a laser containing a saturable absorbing gas inside the resonator. It was found that for certain values of the parameters of this gas the resonance peak of the frequency characteristic could have an unlimited amplitude. The behavior of the frequency characteristic was analyzed bearing in mind the behavior of its poles. An estimate was obtained of the influence of small amounts of a saturable gas on the sensitivity of an LMR spectrometer in the case of resonance and adiabatic modulations.
This paper discusses the case of a Doppler-broadened gas laser with a saturable intracavity absorber gas. The semiclassical equations governing the field intensities and the atomic density-matrix elements are set up. The latter are written as Fourier series, the components of which are shown to obey coupled difference equations. In this paper the exact steady-state solution in single-mode operation is obtained. The lowest approximation (rate-equation approximation) is used to compute detailed characteristics of the system. In particular, the influence of the pumping rates in the two cells are investigated and displayed in the figures. The regions of bistable operation are determined and conditions for the occurrence of an inverted Lamb dip are given. The effect of a slow modulation of the pumping rates is discussed. The range of validity of the lowest approximation is investigated both analytically and numerically. Finally, there is a brief discussion of the influence of pressure on the parameters of the theory.
Analytic expressions are obtained for the spectral composition of laser radiation inside a resonator cavity filled with a gas of two-level atoms. The intracavity radiation field is approximated by a trichromatic field with an intermode frequency interval governed by the laser resonator frequency Ω = c /2 L ( L is the resonator cavity length). The radiation spectrum consists of a large number of harmonics which are multiples of Ω. The amplitudes of these harmonics exhibit a periodic dependence on the concentration of the absorbing atoms and on the resonator length. The maxima of the harmonics correspond to specific relationships between the parameters, which are the conditions for what is known as an intracavity parametric resonance.
An analysis is made of the characteristic features of the field-induced broadening in intracavity frequency-modulation spectroscopy. Simple but effective methods for eliminating field broadening of nonlinear resonances are proposed. It is shown that in the case of frequency-modulation resonances of the dispersion and absorption, which set the detuning from the center of the absorption line to a value equal to the modulation frequency, and also in the case of dispersion resonances, which set the detuning at zero, it is possible to avoid the field-induced broadening by a suitable selection of a specific frequency modulation index.
The equation of motion for the slowly varying field amplitude of the laser containing an intracavity saturable absorber (LSA) is where a is the net gain (pump parameter) and b is a saturation parameter of the laser. In our experiment the absorber saturates faster than the amplifier and the parameter b is positive. q(t) is a complex Gaussian white noise random process representing spontaneous emission noise. From Eq. (1) we obtain for the steady-state probability density of light intensity I = | E |2. From this equation various moments of light intensity can be calculated and compared with experimentally measured quantities. For b > 0 the LSA exhibits bistability and a first order phase transition occurs at a = -3b2/16. For negative values of b there is a continuous transition at a = 0. Experiments were carried out on a He—Ne laser with an intracavity Ne absorber cell. The laser was operated close to the center of the absorption line. Slow drifts of light intensity were controlled by an electronic feedback loop. The parameter b was varied by changing the current in the absorber tube. Pump parameter a was then varied by changing passive losses in the cavity by means of an adjustable knife edge. The main beam from the LSA was allowed to fall on a detector/am- plifier combination. The voltage output from the detector was digitized by a multichannel analyzer and a histogram of voltage amplitudes was built up. Since the voltage output from the detector is directly proportional to the light intensity incident on the detector, voltage histogram is a direct representative of the intensity probability distribution. From the measured histogram moments of light intensity were calculated. These results are compared with the theoretical predictions.
Self-action of a frequency-modulated laser beam, propagating through a two-level saturable absorber, is modeled numerically basing of the direct solution of Maxwell-Bloch equations. Following the common idea of spectroscopy, we plot the output intensity versus the input laser frequency that periodically changes in time. At modulation frequencies comparable with the relaxation rates the hysteresis loop is observed, i.e. the dependence of the transmitted intensity upon the instantaneous frequency depends on the direction of the frequency change. At large amplitudes of modulation coherent transient oscillations of the output intensity are observed.
Optical bistability in a laser with an intracavity saturable absorber is a phenomenon theoretically investigated firstly by Lugiato et al(1). The experimental observations in CO2 lasers(2,3) have provided clear evidence of the bistability phenomenon and shown that the absorber parameters could be determined from these observations. In this work a quantitative comparison between a theoretical description of optical bistability and the experimental results is presented for the first time. The parameters defining the laser cavity and the CO2 amplifying medium were measured carefully, and the bistability was observed and analyzed quantitatively as a function of the laser parameters.