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Journal of Physics Condensed Matter

Bose–Einstein condensation in confined geometry: thermodynamic mapping study

Tao Wen, Ji-Ping Ye, Su-Qiao An, Xian Xi Dai, JiXin Dai, William Edwin Evenson

Published Aug 1, 2003• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum confinement shifts quantum phase transitions like the λ-point of liquid helium. This effect is calculated here for ideal Bose–Einstein condensates (BECs) using thermodynamic mapping (TM). TM is a procedure to obtain low temperature behaviour from high temperature information via elementary transformations. We report here a series of TM relations for thermodynamic quantities and the resulting transition properties for ideal BECs.

DOI
10.1088/0953-8984/15/32/311

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Quantum confinement shifts quantum phase transitions like the λ-point of liquid helium. This effect is calculated here for ideal Bose–Einstein condensates (BECs) using thermodynamic mapping (TM). TM is a procedure to obtain low temperature behaviour from high temperature information via elementary transformations. We report here a series of TM relations for thermodynamic quantities and the resulting transition properties for ideal BECs.
Abstract This chapter describes the mechanism of Bose–Einstein condensation in the simplest ideal Bose gas case. An explicit expression for the critical temperature is derived in the analytically soluble case of a gas confined in a box. Various thermodynamic quantities are calculated above and below the critical temperature. Emphasis is given to the isothermal compressibility which diverges below the critical temperature. The behaviour of the off-diagonal one-body density matrix is discussed. Results for the fluctuations of the single-particle occupation numbers are derived in both the canonical and grand canonical ensembles.
The mathematical description of B.E. (Bose-Einstein) condensation is generalized so as to be applicable to a system of interacting particles. B.E. condensation is said to be present whenever the largest eigenvalue of the one-particle reduced density matrix is an extensive rather than an intensive quantity. Some transformations facilitating the practical use of this definition are given.An argument based on first principles is given, indicating that liquid belium II in equilibrium shows B.E. condensation. For absolute zero, the argument is based on properties of the ground-state wave function derived from the assumption that there is no "long-range configurational order." A crude estimate indicates that roughly 8% of the atoms are "condensed" (note that the fraction of condensed particles need not be identified with $\frac{{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{s}}{\ensuremath{\rho}}$). Conversely, it is shown why one would not expect B.E. condensation in a solid. For finite temperatures Feynman's theory of the lambda-transition is applied: Feynman's approximations are shown to imply that our criterion of B.E. condensation is satisfied below the lambda-transition but not above it.
Ideal Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) remains a paradigmatic example of a continuous phase transition and a cornerstone for understanding quantum degenerate bosonic matter. We demonstrate that critical behavior of the ideal Bose gas near the BEC phase transition falls into three distinct classes, determined exclusively by the low-energy scaling of the density of states. Depending on its scaling exponent, which is controlled by dimensionality and confinement, the transition displays either the usual algebraic divergences of thermodynamic susceptibilities, divergent behavior with marginal logarithmic corrections, or a more subtle form of criticality, where only the correlation length diverges. Our work provides a unified framework for criticality in noninteracting bosonic systems. This classification applies broadly to atomic, photonic, polaritonic, and magnonic condensates, where dimensionality, confinement, and spectral engineering can strongly reshape the density of states.
Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) of an ideal gas is investigated for a finite number of particles. In three dimensions, we find a transition temperature which is lower than in the thermodynamic limit. Lowering the dimension increases the transition temperature and is therefore favorable for BEC. This is in contrast to the standard result obtained in the thermodynamic limit which states that BEC is not possible in, e.g., a one-dimensional (1D) harmonic potential. As a result, 1D atom traps, such as radially tightly confining magnetic traps or optical dipole traps, are promising for studying BEC. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
The thermodynamic properties of an ideal gas of bosons moving freely within layered planes and having a finite amplitude for jumping between neighbouring planes, are derived. As long as this coupling is non-zero, the system becomes effectively two-dimensional at sufficiently high temperatures. At a correspondingly low temperature it undergoes a Bose-Einstein transition into a condensed phase as in three dimensions. Below the critical temperature the specific heat is a universal function of only one dimensionless system variable. The phase transition becomes weaker as the coupling between the planes decreases and eventually disappears when the planes decouple.