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International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing (TSP)

Secure digital archiving in post-quantum era

Vlastimil Člupek, Lukáš Malina, Václav Zeman

Published Jul 1, 2015• 8 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This article introduces a solution of secure digital archiving in the post-quantum era. The basic tool at secure digital archiving of the electronic documents is the signature schemes, which are used at creation of the certificates and the timestamps. This article deals with the question of security of the signature schemes in the post-quantum era and introduces the post-quantum signature schemes, which will be resistant to the attacks leading by both conventional and quantum computers. The conventional signature schemes, based on factorization or discrete logarithm problem, in case of implementing the Shor algorithm on a quantum computer will be easy to break through. The main point of this article is the proposal of the solution of secure digital archiving with using the secure post-quantum signature schemes.

DOI
10.1109/tsp.2015.7296338

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This article introduces a solution of secure digital archiving in the post-quantum era. The basic tool at secure digital archiving of the electronic documents is the signature schemes, which are used at creation of the certificates and the timestamps. This article deals with the question of security of the signature schemes in the post-quantum era and introduces the post-quantum signature schemes, which will be resistant to the attacks leading by both conventional and quantum computers. The conventional signature schemes, based on factorization or discrete logarithm problem, in case of implementing the Shor algorithm on a quantum computer will be easy to break through. The main point of this article is the proposal of the solution of secure digital archiving with using the secure post-quantum signature schemes.
Asymmetric cryptography plays a critical role in the security, authenticity and sustainability of widely used electronic documents on a level comparable to the security and authenticity of a traditional paper documents in transport and logistics. However, security of the majority of the asymmetric cryptographic techniques currently in use, including those used to confirm the validity of electronic documents, will be compromised due to the forthcoming development of quantum computers. The concept of a quantum computer is no longer just a theory. The race for supremacy in quantum technology is on among countries since it is the most drastic technology in the world. On a large enough quantum computer, an attacker can easily generate fake digital signatures by applying Shor’s algorithm. Digital communications and electronic transactions could be devoid of the guarantee of authenticity and non-repudiation if this vulnerability is not addressed. Post-quantum cryptography strives to provide useful techniques that are resistant to attacks utilizing quantum computers in order to address the threat to existing asymmetric cryptography. In this research, we examine the current post-quantum digital signature algorithms used to confirm the validity of an electronic document in addition to comprehending the utilization of digital signing. Overall, we conclude that in order to define the next generation of electronic documents and to address the quantum threat, it is crucial to standardize a quantum-resistant digital signature scheme.
Quantum computing represents one of the most disruptive technological advancements of the 21st century, with profound implications for modern cryptographic systems. Traditional digital signature algorithms—such as RSA, DSA, and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC)—derive their security from mathematical problems like integer factorization and discrete logarithms, which are computationally infeasible for classical computers. However, the advent of quantum algorithms, particularly Shor’s and Grover’s algorithms, poses a direct threat to these cryptographic assumptions by drastically reducing the time required to solve such problems. This development renders existing Digital Signature infrastructures potentially obsolete once large-scale quantum computers become operational. To counter this threat, researchers have proposed a range of post-quantum cryptographic (PQC) algorithms, including lattice-based, hash-based, and multivariate polynomial-based signature schemes, which are designed to resist quantum attacks. This paper critically examines the extent of quantum vulnerability in current Digital Signature systems and evaluates the comparative performance, efficiency, and security trade-offs of post-quantum alternatives. The study aims to provide a structured understanding of the ongoing transition toward quantum-resistant digital authentication and to propose a roadmap for secure implementation in future cryptographic environments.
One of the most crucial measures to maintain data security is the use of cryptography schemes and digital signatures built upon cryptographic algorithms. The resistance of cryptographic algorithms against conventional attacks is guaranteed by the computational difficulties and the immense amount of computation required to them. In the last decade, with the advances in quantum computing technology and the realization of quantum computers, which have higher computational power compared to conventional computers and can execute special kinds of algorithms (i.e., quantum algorithms), the security of many existing cryptographic algorithms has been questioned. The reason is that by using quantum computers and executing specific quantum algorithms through them, the computational difficulties of conventional cryptographic algorithms can be reduced, which makes it possible to overcome and break them in a relatively short period of time. Therefore, researchers began efforts to find new quantum-resistant cryptographic algorithms that would be impossible to break, even using quantum computers, in a short time. Such algorithms are called post-quantum cryptographic algorithms. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of the challenges and vulnerabilities of different kinds of conventional cryptographic algorithms against quantum computers. Afterward, we review the latest cryptographic algorithms and standards that have been proposed to confront the threats posed by quantum computers. We present the classification of post-quantum cryptographic algorithms and digital signatures based on their technical specifications, provide examples of each category, and outline the strengths and weaknesses of each category.
Shor's quantum factoring algorithm and a few other efficient quantum algorithms break many classical crypto-systems. In response, people proposed post-quantum cryptography based on computational problems that are believed hard even for quantum computers. However, security of these schemes against \emph{quantum} attacks is elusive. This is because existing security analysis (almost) only deals with classical attackers and arguing security in the presence of quantum adversaries is challenging due to unique quantum features such as no-cloning. This work proposes a general framework to study which classical security proofs can be restored in the quantum setting. Basically, we split a security proof into (a sequence of) classical security reductions, and investigate what security reductions are "quantum-friendly". We characterize sufficient conditions such that a classical reduction can be "lifted" to the quantum setting. We then apply our lifting theorems to post-quantum signature schemes. We are able to show that the classical generic construction of hash-tree based signatures from one-way functions and and a more efficient variant proposed in~\cite{BDH11} carry over to the quantum setting. Namely, assuming existence of (classical) one-way functions that are resistant to efficient quantum inversion algorithms, there exists a quantum-secure signature scheme. We note that the scheme in~\cite{BDH11} is a promising (post-quantum) candidate to be implemented in practice and our result further justifies it. Finally we demonstrate the generality of our framework by showing that several existing works (Full-Domain hash in the quantum random-oracle model~\cite{Zha12ibe} and the simple hybrid arguments framework in~\cite{HSS11}) can be reformulated under our unified framework.
As the development of quantum computers becomes a reality, concerns about the security of classical cryptography are growing. In the case of signature schemes, integrity must be guaranteed for a sufficient period of time after their generation. However, during the transition to the post-quantum era, it is difficult to guarantee the integrity of signatures previously generated using classical cryptography. In this paper, we design a quantum-secure timestamp that is secure even in the quantum era, utilizing a Time Stamping Authority, even for general users who cannot use post-quantum signatures, and we propose a transformation technique to enhance the security of classical signatures. Also, we focus on the security of classical signatures and the generation of hybrid signatures in the specific context of the transition between classical and post-quantum environments by defining the transition point based on quantum resistance. Finally, we analyze the security and performance of our timestamp scheme and demonstrate that it can guarantee the integrity of signed messages both now and in the post-quantum era.