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JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PHYSICS

Heat, quantum mechanics and information

Bhekuzulu Khumalo

Published Aug 22, 2015• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Heat has often been described as part of the energy transfer process. Information theory says everything is information. If everything is information then what type of information is heat, this question can be settled by the double slit experiment, but we must know what we are looking for.
DOI
10.24297/jap.v10i2.1328

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The point of departure of this book is a triad of themes: information theory, thermodynamics, and quantum mechanics. These are related: thermodynamics and quantum mechanics form the basis of quantum thermodynamics; information and quantum mechanics underly, inter alia, the notorious quantum measurement problem; and information and thermodynamics have much to say about control limits in the tension between micro- and macro-descriptions.Why does the world around us typically look thermal-from cosmology down to individual embedded spins? Do informational measures constitute additional (independen
Complementarity is one of the central mysteries of quantum mechanics, dramatically illustrated by the wave-particle duality in Young's double-slit experiment, and famously regarded by Feynman as "impossible, absolutely impossible to describe classically, [and] which has in it the heart of quantum mechanics" (emphasis original).1 The overarching goal of this thesis is to demonstrate that complementarity is also at the heart of quantum information theory, that it allows us to make (some) sense of just what information "quantum information" refers to, and that it is useful in understanding and constructing quantum information processing protocols.
The science of information theory begins with the observation that there is a fundamental link between probabilities and information. As early as the mid eighteenth century, Bayes recognized that probabilities depend on what we know; if we acquire additional information then this modifies the probability. For example, the probability that it is raining when I leave for work in the morning is about 0.2, but if I look out of the window ten minutes before leaving and see that it is raining then this additional information adjusts the probability to in excess of 0.9. Information is a function of probabilities: it is the entropy associated with the probability distribution. This conclusion grew out of investigations into the physical nature of entropy by Boltzmann and his followers. The full power of entropy as the quantity of information was revealed by Shannon in his mathematical theory of communication. This work laid the foundations for the development of information and communications theory by proving two powerful theorems which limit our ability to communicate information. The link between probability and information has far wider application than just communications. Indeed, we can expect the ideas of information theory to be applicable to any statistical or probabilistic problem. Quantum mechanics is a probabilistic theory and so it was inevitable that a quantum information theory would be developed. In quantum theory, probabilities are secondary quantities calculated by taking the squared modulus of probability amplitudes and this gives rise to interference effects. Consider, for example, the famous two-slit experiment depicted in Fig. 1.1. A single particle launched at the slits can arrive at a point P on the screen by passing either through slit 1 or through slit 2. In classical statistical mechanics this leads to a probability . . . P = P1 + P2, (1.1) . . . where P1 and P2 are, respectively, the probabilities that the particle passed through slit 1 or slit 2 and went on to arrive at the point P.
Is the quantum world as strange as they say? If this were an unsolved mathematics question, we might try a new angle of attack. We know quantum mechanics (QM) is the most accurate and productive science humans ever had, meaning its probability predictions are accurate. Every probability has two square roots. The Born rule says either would produce the same probability. Assume nature uses the negative of QM’s equations. What could that mean? We’d need to revise Feynman’s path-integrals and Schrödinger’s equation. If waves travel in the opposite direction as what QM believes, that could produce the negative equations. No wave-particle duality. Free particles would follow backwards zero-energy waves coming from detectors. This, surprisingly, gets rid of quantum weirdness. Our proposal is that nature uses the negative of QM’s equations because particles follow zero-energy waves backwards. Considerable evidence fits this model, including a neutron-interferometer and the Davisson-Germer experiments, a quantum-eraser experiment, Wheeler-gedanken and double-slit experiments, Bell-test experiments, Stern-Gerlach, and high-energy scattering experiments. Finally, we propose a plan for how to motivate students to want to study quantum technologies, thereby addressing the most prominent problem in QM today: the shortage of an educated workforce, the scarcity of aspiring students.
My perspective in this article begins with a generative system known as the brain, whose product is consciousness, and extends to another generative system, namely the quantum domain, whose product is the universe. As we know, how consciousness and the universe are generated are among the greatest questions facing humanity, and, in my view, they share similar underlying mechanisms within their respective systems. Since the fundamental physics underlying the brain is better understood, this article adopts the brain as a foundational analogue and seeks to simulate its principles at the level of the universe, thereby developing a new fundamental theory of the universe based on the brain. Furthermore, the similarities between the two systems are brought together and explained in greater detail in the section devoted to the universe. This paper presents fundamental and general concepts of quantum mechanics to explain the double-slit experiment, along with a modified procedure to conduct it for testing the theory. However, the necessary equipment to carry out such an experiment is not available to the author. Nevertheless, if the theory is validated, the framework presented in this article could provide a foundation for developing a theory of everything and, subsequently, for offering more precise explanations of the various phenomena in the universe.