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Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference

Photon-number squeezed light generation by multi-photon absorption

M. B. Ward, G.-M. Schucan, K. I. Turner, Theodore G. Goodson III, K.J. Donovan, James Stewart Aitchison, C. N. Ironside, A. M. Fox, J.F. Ryan

Published Jan 20, 2003• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Summary form only given. It has been understood for over twenty years that multi-photon absorption can lead to photon-number squeezed states of light, where the photon statistics are subPoissonian. We present the first observation of this effect using an AlGaAs waveguide within which high intensities can be maintained over a long interaction length (/spl sim/2 mm).

DOI
10.1109/qels.1999.807443

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Summary form only given. Several experiments have been performed in optical fibers to generate photon-number squeezed pulses of light. Among these, are experiments employing a spectral filter to exploit the spectral correlations created during pulse propagation along a fiber. We recently reported the generation of photon-number squeezing in an AlGaAs waveguide as a result of multi-photon absorption and we now extend this work to show an increase in the degree of squeezing obtained with appropriate spectral filtering. Unlike much of the fiber work, which used long propagation distances, the results here are produced in a 2-mm-long semiconductor waveguide. The waveguide structure is composed of AlGaAs grown on a GaAs substrate and consisted of a l /spl mu/mm planar high-index waveguiding layer with lateral confinement provided by a surface rib. The estimated effective modal area is 6 /spl mu/m/sup 2/.

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Summary form only given. It has been understood for over twenty years that multi-photon absorption can lead to photon-number squeezed states of light, where the photon statistics are subPoissonian. We present the first observation of this effect using an AlGaAs waveguide within which high intensities can be maintained over a long interaction length (/spl sim/2 mm).
Summary form only given. Several experiments have been performed in optical fibers to generate photon-number squeezed pulses of light. Among these, are experiments employing a spectral filter to exploit the spectral correlations created during pulse propagation along a fiber. We recently reported the generation of photon-number squeezing in an AlGaAs waveguide as a result of multi-photon absorption and we now extend this work to show an increase in the degree of squeezing obtained with appropriate spectral filtering. Unlike much of the fiber work, which used long propagation distances, the results here are produced in a 2-mm-long semiconductor waveguide. The waveguide structure is composed of AlGaAs grown on a GaAs substrate and consisted of a l /spl mu/mm planar high-index waveguiding layer with lateral confinement provided by a surface rib. The estimated effective modal area is 6 /spl mu/m/sup 2/.
Summary form only given. Photon-number squeezing can occur in semiconductor waveguides due to multiphoton absorption. Previous work has been extended to demonstrate an increase in the degree of squeezing as a result of spectral filtering. In contrast to previous experiments, which were performed in long optical fibres, the results are produced in a 2 mm AlGaAs semiconductor waveguide. The results are discussed in terms of spectra correlations induced by self-phase modulation. The photon-number distribution of the output beam is then dependent on the correlations preserved by the spectral filter.
Abstract We propose a quantum-enhanced plasma diagnostic based on squeezed states of light. Squeezed light can exhibit super-Poissonian photon statistics, leading to enhanced multiphoton absorption cross-sections compared to classical light. This effect enables improved sensitivity for two-photon excitation of high-energy atomic transitions such as ground-state excitation, and results in increased absorbed power and fluorescence in a plasma. We consider two methods of generating squeezed states and evaluate their advantages and limitations in the context of plasma absorption diagnostics. By comparing with and extending previous theoretical work, we predict an enhancement of the absorption signal by up to seven orders of magnitude at low intensities (10 1 W/m 2 ), with diminishing enhancement persisting up to high intensities (10 10 W/m 2 ). These results suggest that squeezed-light sources offer a viable pathway toward quantum-enhanced plasma diagnostics.
The signal to noise ratio of optical systems is ultimately limited by the shot noise due to the Poissonian statistics of the light field. In recent years there has been a considerable effort to find ways to overcome this limitation by generating non-classical light with sub-shot noise statistics. Several groups have demonstrated non-classical light generation in diode lasers or light emitting diodes, and the amplitude fluctuations have been reduced substantially below the shot noise level [1,2]. However, for phase-sensitive measurements it is necessary to generate the more general quadrature squeezed states. Such quadrature squeezed light can be generated either by second-order or third-order nonlinear processes provided the nonlinear material has very low losses at the optical wavelength. To date, the successful generation schemes for quadrature squeezed light have been restricted to atomic vapours, optical fibres, or second-order nonlinear crystals [3]. The possibility of using the large χ(3) nonlinearities of semiconductors at frequencies below the band gap where the optical absorption is small has been discussed in the literature, but so far there have been no successful experiments [4-6]. In this paper we report measurements on GaAs/Al0.3Ga0.7As multiple quantum well waveguides and bulk ZnS in the wavelength range 750 - 890nm. Although we measure much larger nonlinearities in the quantum wells, the strong two-photon absorption is detrimental for squeezed light generation. However, in the ZnS where the laser frequency is below the two- photon absorption edge, we have succeeded in generating quadrature squeezed light in a semiconductor for the first time. On the basis of our results, we would expect that squeezed light could be generated in many other semiconductor systems provided the photon energy is less than half the band-gap energy.