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Physica Scripta

On the exponential form of the displacement operator for different systems

Václav Potoček, Stephen Mark Barnett

Published May 21, 2015• 12 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The family of displacement operators , a central concept in the theory of coherent states of a quantum mechanical harmonic oscillator, has been successfully generalized to systems of quantized, cyclic or finite position coordinates. However, out of the plethora of mutually equivalent expressions for the displacement operators valid in the continuous case, only few are directly applicable in the other systems of interest. The aim of this paper is to strengthen the analogy between the different cases by identifying the root cause of the issues accompanying the straightforward generalization of certain important expressions and, more importantly, offering alternative ones of general validity. Ultimately we arrive at an algorithm allowing one to express any displacement operator as an exponential of a pure imaginary multiple of a generalized 'quadrature' observable that is not obtained by a linear combination of position and momentum observables but rather by a shear transform of one of them in the system's phase space.

DOI
10.1088/0031-8949/90/6/065208

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The family of displacement operators , a central concept in the theory of coherent states of a quantum mechanical harmonic oscillator, has been successfully generalized to systems of quantized, cyclic or finite position coordinates. However, out of the plethora of mutually equivalent expressions for the displacement operators valid in the continuous case, only few are directly applicable in the other systems of interest. The aim of this paper is to strengthen the analogy between the different cases by identifying the root cause of the issues accompanying the straightforward generalization of certain important expressions and, more importantly, offering alternative ones of general validity. Ultimately we arrive at an algorithm allowing one to express any displacement operator as an exponential of a pure imaginary multiple of a generalized 'quadrature' observable that is not obtained by a linear combination of position and momentum observables but rather by a shear transform of one of them in the system's phase space.
In a recent paper (Nieto M M 1996 Quantum Semiclass. Opt. 8 1061, quant-ph/9605032), the one-dimensional squeezed and harmonic oscillator time-displacement operators were reordered in coordinate-momentum space. In this paper, we give a general approach for reordering the multidimensional exponential quadratic operator (EQO) in coordinate-momentum space. An explicit computational formula is provided and applied to the single-mode and double-mode EQO through the squeezed operator and the time-displacement operator of the harmonic oscillator.
Using the Pegg-Barnett phase operator formalism we have introduced the coherent phase state and the displaced phase state in a finite dimension. Using the definition of phase creation and annihilation operators we have constructed a displacement operator which yields coherent phase states and displaced phase states within a finite-dimensional basis and numerically evaluated observables as a function of the size of the basis set. We have shown that, when the dimension of the state space is much larger than the average excitation of phase quanta, then these states are the coherent phase state and displaced phase state of a harmonic oscillator which has an infinite number of eigenstates and exhibits phase squeezing up to 100%. The coherent phase state is a minimum-uncertainty state with respect to the phase quadrature operators but not the minimum-uncertainty state with respect to number and phase operators. The properties of coherent phase states for a two-state system are also investigated. It is interesting to realize that these coherent phase states and displaced phase states are exactly the same as the phase vacuum state and different phase states respectively for the single-mode light field case.
Quantum mechanics of a linear harmonic oscillator in a finite-dimensional Hilbert space satisfying the correct equations of motion is studied. The connections to Weyl's formulation of the algebra of bounded unitary operators in finite space as well as to a truncated quantized linear harmonic oscillator are discussed. It is pointed out that the discrete Fourier transformation (DFT) plays a central role in determining the actual form of the position, the momentum, the number and the Hamiltonian operators. The explicit form of these operators in different bases is exhibited for some low values of the dimension of the Hilbert space. In this formulation, it is shown that the Hamiltonian is indeed the logarithm of the DFT and that by modifying Weyl's framework to include position and momentum operators with non-uniformly spaced spectra the equations of motion are satisfied.
We propose a displacement-operator approach to some aspects of squeezed states for general multiphoton systems. The explicit displacement-operators of the squeezed vacuum and the coherent states are achieved and expresses as the ordinary exponential form. As a byproduct the coherent states of the qqq-oscillator are obtained by the {\it usual exponential} displacement-operator.
The Pegg-Barnett phase-operator formalism utilizes a finite basis set to represent operators of the harmonic oscillator; this enables the phase to be represented by a Hermitian operator, but rests on taking the dimensionality of the basis set to infinity for observable quantities. Simultaneously, in their approach Pegg and Barnett consider quantum states of a harmonic oscillator which are normalized in the Fock space, i.e., the dimensionality of the basis set in which the states of the harmonic oscillator are defined is supposed to be infinite, while the phase operator is defined in the finite-dimensional basis set. In this paper we address the problem of a consistent definition of a coherent state within a finite state basis. We employ displacement operators to define such coherent states and numerically evaluate observables as a function of the size of the basis set. We investigate phase properties of these coherent states. We find that if the dimensionality of the state space is much larger than the mean occupation number of the coherent states, then the results obtained in the finite-dimensional basis are applicable in the case of a ordinary quantum-mechanical harmonic oscillator. These coherent states are minimum uncertainty states with respect to quadrature operators (i.e., the position and momentum operators) and do not exhibit quadrature squeezing. A weakly excited (compared with the dimensionality of the state space) coherent state in finite-dimensional basis is not strictly speaking a minimum uncertainty state with respect to the number and phase operators. We give definitions of amplitude and phase squeezing and show that weakly excited coherent states can be amplitude squeezed. In the high-intensity limit (again compared with the dimensionality of the state space) these states exhibit phase squeezing.
We first review the properties of the harmonic-oscillator coherent states which can be equivalently defined as (a) a specific subset of the $x\ensuremath{-}p$ minimum-uncertainty states, (b) eigenstates of the annihilation operator, or (c) states created by a certain unitary exponential displacement operator. Then we present a new method for finding coherent states for particles in general potentials. Its basis is the desire to find those states which most nearly follow the classical motion, but it is most nearly a generalization of the minimum-uncertainty method. The properties of these states are discussed in detail. Next we show that the annihilation operator and displacement operator methods, as heretofore defined, cannot be applied to general potentials (whose eigenvalues are not equally spaced). We define a generalization of these methods but show that the states so defined are not, in general, equivalent to the minimum-uncertainty coherent states. We discuss a number of properties of our coherent states and the procedures we have used.