Is an Electron a Charge Cloud? A Reexamination of Schrödinger’s Charge Density Hypothesis

Andrei Nechayev

A new theoretical concept of quantum mechanics is proposed. The leading role is assigned to the electron as a non-point particle with a volume density of charge and mass. Based on the Hamilton-Jacobi equation, a nonlinear differential equation describing the dynamics of the charged substance of an electron is proposed. This new fundamental equation is transformed into the Schrödinger equation, with the density of the material substance of the electron being proportional to the square of the wave function. Since an electron in the form of a "cloud" of matter can change its configuration in space, we can give a classical interpretation to the process of generating a photon with a frequency and energy corresponding to the principles of quantum mechanics. Interference, diffraction, and the non-relativistic concept of electron spin is discussed.

Charles T. Sebens

Viraht Sahni

Sennian Chen

Until now, we do not know whether elementary particles have structure, but we cannot assert that elementary particles do not have structure, because all experiences tell us that the properties of non-living and living things are closely related to their structure. As their foundation, can the microscopic particles be excluded? Do photons and charged fermions have structure? What structure? We study the key to the Schrödinger computation that accurately reproduce the energy levels of the Bohr model and the general solution of Schrödinger equation mathematically; we found to satisfy Schrödinger equation the charged fermions must possess a double helix structure of mass density. Such structures plus partial self-rotation make them quantized and a fixed value spin or . We prove that the Maxwell wave equation is simultaneously the Klein-Gordon equation for electromagnetic waves. Then we prove that photons have a double helix structure of EH-energy that makes photons quantized and a fixed value spin or . There is a charge in the electron (and charged fermions); a pair of charges in the photons, they distribute double helically along their side boundaries; these charges produce and carry a circular polarized E-wave and EH-wave respectively. They form two traveling-wave-particle hybrid structures. It is such hybrid structures give them traveling-wave-particle duality. Such dualities can exhibit their wave property and particle property simultaneously in the same experiments. At last, we prove that the electron cloud photo not only exhibits the probability distribution of electrons but also proves the existence of electrons’ trajectories around the nucleus; the electrons’ motions make the probability distribution. The electron probability distribution around the nucleus is causal. At last we prove that the electron in the main shells (the Eigen states) of a multi-electron atom does not radiate pure EM energy, not fall to the nucleus.

Andrei Nechayev

A new approach to the physical axiomatic of quantum mechanics is proposed. The basis of this approach is the rejection of the idea of an electron as a point particle. To describe the dynamics of the material substance of the electron, a new AMT (Action-Matter-Transfer) equation based on the Hamilton-Jacobi equation is proposed. This nonlinear equation simply transforms into the Schrödinger equation which becomes an intermediate step for solving a more general equation that describes the actual mass and charge density of an electron cloud. The dimensionless density of the material substance of the electron is equal to the square of the wave function. The nonlinearity of the AMT-equation make us question the validity of the quantum mechanical principle of superposition. The representation of an electron as a cloud with a distributed density helps to explain the interference effects in the well-known double-slit experiment. It is shown that light emission can occur in full accordance with classical electrodynamics when the material substance of an electron is spatially redistributed. Our approach makes it possible to interpret light as a chain of photons, each of which represents a “particle” of an electromagnetic wave propagating in space. The direction of radiation can be determined by the axis of rotation of the electron cloud due to the presence of the spin which turns the electron into elementary magnet, so the two electron clouds can form in an atom a stable structure of paired electrons in the form of two hemispheres rotating in one direction. In the framework of the quasi-classical concept of photon generation, the processes of reflection of light, its transmission through a transparent medium, and birefringence are discussed as well as Compton effect and laser emission.

Viraht Sahni