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Applied and numerical harmonic analysis

Fusion Frames and Unbiased Basic Sequences

Bernhard G. Bodmann, Peter G. Casazza, Jesse D. Peterson, Ihar Smalyanau, Janet Crandell Tremain

Published Nov 20, 2012• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The construction of Parseval frames with special, rigid geometric properties has left many open problems even after decades of efforts. The construction of similar types of fusion frames is even less developed. We construct a large family of equi-isoclinic Parseval fusion frames by taking the Naimark complement of the union of orthonormal bases. If these bases are chosen to be mutually unbiased, then the resulting fusion frame subspaces are spanned by mutually unbiased basic sequences. By giving an explicit representation for Naimark complements, we are able to construct concrete fusion frames in their respective Hilbert spaces.

DOI
10.1007/978-0-8176-8376-4_2

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•Jan 1, 2020•1 citation
The construction of Parseval frames with special, rigid geometric properties has left many open problems even after decades of efforts. The construction of similar types of fusion frames is even less developed. We construct a large family of equi-isoclinic Parseval fusion frames by taking the Naimark complement of the union of orthonormal bases. If these bases are chosen to be mutually unbiased, then the resulting fusion frame subspaces are spanned by mutually unbiased basic sequences. By giving an explicit representation for Naimark complements, we are able to construct concrete fusion frames in their respective Hilbert spaces.
We present and generalize the basic ideas underlying recent work aimed at the construction of mutually unbiased bases in finite dimensional Hilbert spaces with the help of group and graph theoretical concepts. In this approach finite groups are used to construct maximal sets of mutually unbiased bases. Thus the prime number restrictions of previous approaches are circumvented and this construction principle sheds new light onto the intricate relation between mutually unbiased bases and characteristic geometrical structures of Hilbert spaces.
In this work, the concept of mutually unbiased frames is introduced as the most general notion of unbiasedness for sets composed by linearly independent and normalized vectors. It encompasses the already existing notions of unbiasedness for orthonormal bases, regular simplices, equiangular tight frames, positive operator valued measure, and also includes symmetric informationally complete quantum measurements. After introducing the tool, its power is shown by finding the following results about the last mentioned class of constellations: (i) real fiducial states do not exist in any even dimension, and (ii) unknown d -dimensional fiducial states are parameterized, a priori, with roughly 3d/2 real variables only, without loss of generality. Furthermore, multi-parametric families of pure quantum states having minimum uncertainty with regard to several choices of d+1 orthonormal bases are shown, in every dimension d . These last families contain all existing fiducial states in every finite dimension, and the bases include maximal sets of d+1 mutually unbiased bases, when d is a prime number.
The principle of complementarity lies at the heart of quantum mechanics. In finite dimensional quantum systems this principle is captured by pairs of observables which are given by mutually unbiased bases (MUBs). Two orthonormal bases B and C of Cd are mutually unbiased if |<b|c>|2 = 1/d holds for all vectors b ∈ B and c ∈ C. This implies that whenever we are given a vector from one of these bases and perform a measurement with respect to any other of the bases, then there is no information gained from this measurement. A basic question about MUBs is how many of them can be found in a given dimension d. While constructions of maximal sets of d+1 such bases are known for system of prime power dimension d, it is unknown whether this bound can be achieved for any non-prime power dimension. We review the known constructions of MUBs and demonstrate that maximal sets of MUBs come with a rich combinatorial structure by showing that they actually are the same objects as the complex projective 2-designs with angle set {0,1/d}. Furthermore, we address the problem of constructing positive operator-valued measures (POVMs) in finite dimension d consisting of d2 operators of rank one which have an inner product equal to uniform or very close to uniform. This is motivated by the related question of constructing symmetric informationally complete POVMs (SIC-POVMs) for which the inner products are perfectly uniform. We also give a simple proof of the fact that symmetric informationally complete POVMs are complex projective 2-designs with angle set {1/(d+1)}. Moreover, we show that MUBs and SIC-POVMs form uniform tight frames in Cd.
Suppose that for some unit vectors [Formula: see text] in [Formula: see text] we have that for any [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] is either orthogonal to [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text] (i.e., [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are unbiased). We prove that if [Formula: see text], then these vectors necessarily form a complete system of mutually unbiased bases, that is, they can be arranged into [Formula: see text] orthonormal bases, all being mutually unbiased with respect to each other.
Analogous to the notion of mutually unbiased bases for Hilbert spaces, we consider mutually unbiased unitary bases (MUUBs) for the space of operators, [Formula: see text], acting on such Hilbert spaces. The notion of MUUB reflects the equiprobable guesses of unitary operators in one basis of [Formula: see text] when estimating a unitary operator in another. Though, for prime dimension [Formula: see text], the maximal number of MUUBs is known to be [Formula: see text], there is no known recipe for constructing them, assuming they exist. However, one can always construct a minimum of three MUUBs, and the maximal number is approached for very large values of [Formula: see text]. MUUBs can also exist for some [Formula: see text]-dimensional subspace of [Formula: see text] with the maximal number being [Formula: see text].
Analogous to the notion of mutually unbiased bases for Hilbert spaces, we consider mutually unbiased unitary bases (MUUBs) for the space of operators, Mðd; CÞ, acting on such Hilbert spaces. The notion of MUUB re°ects the equiprobable guesses of unitary operators in one basis of Mðd; CÞ when estimating a unitary operator in another. Though, for prime dimension d, the maximal number of MUUBs is known to be d2 1, there is no known recipe for constructing them, assuming they exist. However, one can always construct a minimum of three MUUBs, and the maximal number is approached for very large values of d. MUUBs can also exist for some d-dimensional subspace of Mðd; CÞ with the maximal number being d.