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Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference

High resolution spectroscopy of Na 5S/sub 1/2/ hyperfine splitting using cold atoms

Sérgio Ricardo Muniz, Gustavo Deczka Telles, Luís Gustavo Marcassa, Sérgio Carlos Zílio, Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato

Published Jan 20, 2003• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Summary form only given. A Doppler free measurement of the hyperfine structure splitting (HFS) of 5S/sub 1/2/ level is performed using trapped sodium atoms. We employed two techniques: 1) trap loss enhancement, which consists in the observation of the trapped atom fluorescence when an extra loss channel is created by single photon ionization of the 5S state. This method was not very precise because the lack of absolute reference. 2) Photoionization out of 5S/sub 1/2/ after a two photon excitation from the 3S/sub 1/2/ state.

DOI
10.1109/qels.1999.807316

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Summary form only given. A Doppler free measurement of the hyperfine structure splitting (HFS) of 5S/sub 1/2/ level is performed using trapped sodium atoms. We employed two techniques: 1) trap loss enhancement, which consists in the observation of the trapped atom fluorescence when an extra loss channel is created by single photon ionization of the 5S state. This method was not very precise because the lack of absolute reference. 2) Photoionization out of 5S/sub 1/2/ after a two photon excitation from the 3S/sub 1/2/ state.
The authors have used laser cooling and trapping techniques to investigate photoionization and cold collisions. With laser-trapped Rb, they have measured the photoionization cross section from the first excited (5P) level by observing the photoionization-induced loss rate of neutral atoms from the trap. This technique has the advantage that it directly measures the photoionization rate per atom. Knowing the ionizing laser intensity and the excited-state fraction, the measured loss rate gives the absolute cross section. Using this technique, the Rb 5P photoionization cross section at {approximately}400 nm has been determined with an uncertainty of 9%. The authors are currently attempting to extend this method to the 5D level. Using time-ordered pulses of diode-laser light (similar to the STIRAP technique), they have performed very efficient two-photon excitation of trapped Rb atoms to 5D. Finally, they will present results from a recent collaboration which combines measurements form conventional molecular spectroscopy (single photon and double resonance) with photoassociation collisions of ultracold Na atoms to yield a precise ({le}1 ppm) value for the dissociation energy of the X {Sigma}{sub g}{sub +} ground state of the Na{sub 2} molecule.
The $3S\ensuremath{-}5S$ transition of Na atoms is induced by absorption of two photons, one each from two circularly polarized beams traveling in opposite directions through the vapor. The beams are derived from a tunable, narrow-band pulsed dye laser. Doppler broadening is absent and the hyperfine structure is resolved. The hyperfine interaction constant A5S{A}_{5S}A5S​ in the 5S5S5S state of the Na23{\mathrm{Na}}^{23}Na23 atom is determined to be 101\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}15 MHz.
The fine-structure splitting of the 4F4F4F state of atomic sodium is determined using the technique of two-photon spectroscopy with a resonant intermediate state. The sensitivity of this Doppler-free technique allows observation of the electric-dipole-forbidden $3S\ensuremath{\rightarrow}4F$ two-photon transition. The 4F4F4F fine-structure splitting is found to be 229\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4 MHz. Its sign and magnitude are hydrogenic, in complete contrast to the DDD levels of Na.
Based on the interference between two two-photon processes, we reported a four-level ultrafast modulation spectroscopy in Na vapor, where 3S, 3P, 5S, and 4D formed a four-level system. We studied the temporal behavior of the four-wave mixing signal intensity and obtained signal modulation with period 25 fs, corresponding to the splitting between 5S and 4D. This technique can achieve Doppler-free precision in the measurement of the energy level splitting between two excited states which are dipolar forbidden from the ground state.
In this paper, we describe two complementary nonlinear spectroscopy methods which both allow one to achieve Doppler-free spectra of atomic gases. First, saturated absorption spectroscopy is used to investigate the structure of the 5S 1/2 → 5P 3/2 transition in rubidium. Using a slightly modified experimental setup, Doppler-free two-photon absorption spectroscopy is then performed on the 5S 1/2 → 5D 5/2 transition in rubidium, leading to accurate measurements of the hyperfine structure of the 5D 5/2 energy level. In addition, electric dipole selection rules of the two-photon transition are investigated, first by modifying the polarization of the excitation laser, and then by measuring two-photon absorption spectra when a magnetic field is applied close to the rubidium vapour. All experiments are performed with the same grating-feedback laser diode, providing an opportunity to compare different high-resolution spectroscopy methods using a single experimental setup. Such experiments may acquaint students with quantum mechanics selection rules, atomic spectra and Zeeman effect.