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Procedia Computer Science

Quantum Key Distribution Protocol with Four-State Systems – Software Implementation

Gabriela Mogos

Published Jan 1, 2015• 8 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper, we propose a software implementation of Quantum Key Distribution scheme using twelve orthogonal states in a four-state system. With the twelve states, the Sender can encode two bits classical information in one particle, and distribute her secret key to the Receiver. This study explores quantum alternatives to traditional key distribution protocols, and involves implementations of quantum key distribution protocol on two cases: with and without cyber-attacks (the Intercept-Resend attack).

DOI
10.1016/j.procs.2015.06.008

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In this paper, we propose a software implementation of Quantum Key Distribution scheme using twelve orthogonal states in a four-state system. With the twelve states, the Sender can encode two bits classical information in one particle, and distribute her secret key to the Receiver. This study explores quantum alternatives to traditional key distribution protocols, and involves implementations of quantum key distribution protocol on two cases: with and without cyber-attacks (the Intercept-Resend attack).
The existing studies proved the importance of quantum key distribution protocols,unfortunately, most of them have been known only as theoretical models. Starting from the mathematical models, this study explores quantum alternatives to traditional key distribution protocols and involves software implementations of the quantum key distribution protocols with two, three and four-state systems. The paper presents the results obtained on case of the cybernetic attack simulation, type Intercept-Resend - the well known attack on quantum world, over the each protocol. Presence of the eavesdropper is determined by calculating the errors obtained at the end of transmission through quantum channel. The method Quantum Error Rate for detecting the eavesdropper can be applied to the majority key distribution systems, each system having its own acceptable error rate. Starting from the same size of input data, the paper presents an analysis of the data obtained on cybernetic attack simulations and analyzes the percentage of errors by comparison with the dimensions of the cryptographic keys obtained in the case of each protocol.
A quantum key distribution protocol, based on the quantum dense encoding in entangled states, is presented. In this protocol, we introduce an encoding process to encode,two classical bits information into one of the four one-qubit unitary operations implemented by Alice and the Bell states measurement implemented by Bob in stead of direct measuring the previously shared Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen pairs by both of the distant parties, Alice and Bob Considering the practical application we can get the conclusion that our protocol has some advantages. It not only simplifies the measurement which may induce potential errors, but also improves the effectively transmitted rate of the generated qubits by the raw key. Here we also discuss eavesdropping attacks against the scheme and the channel loss.
We present and analyze a quantum key distribution protocol based on sending entangled NNN-qubit states instead of single-qubit ones as in the trail-blazing scheme by Bennett and Brassard 1984 (BB84). Since the qubits are sent and acknowledged individually, an eavesdropper is limited to accessing them one by one. In an intercept-resend attack, this fundamental restriction allows one to make the eavesdropper's information on the transmitted key vanish if even one of the qubits is not intercepted. The implied upper bound 1∕(2N)1∕(2N)1∕(2N) for this information is further shown not to be the lowest, as the information can be reduced to less than 30% of that in the BB84 scheme in the case N=2N=2N=2. In general, the protocol is at least as secure as BB84.
Implementing Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) using the BB84 protocol. The system allows two users to securely share a secret key by simulating quantum protocol using classical computer algorithms to manage and process the data. Random bits are generated, encoded into quantum states, and transmitted virtually between sender and receiver. After transmission, both users compare selected bits to detect error. Classical algorithms are then applied for error correction, key verification, and privacy amplification to produce a final shared secret key. By combining the power of quantum simulation with classical computing algorithms, the project achieves a secure, efficient, and practical approach to key distribution. This integration demonstrates how cloud-based quantum tools and classical algorithms can work together to build reliable and secure communication systems.