v.11(4), 317-320, with the data confirming the generalisation of the Schrödinger equa-tion to include the interaction of the wave function with dynamical space. Dynamical space, via this interaction process, raises and lowers the energy of the electron wave function, which is detected by observing consequent variations in the electron quantum barrier tunnelling rate in reverse-biased Zener diodes. This process has previously been reported and enabled the measurement of the speed of the dynamical space flow, which is consistent with numerous other detection experiments. However Vrba, Progress in Physics, 2015, v.11(4), 330, has suggested the various experimental results may have been caused by magnetic field effects, but without any experimental evidence. Here we show experimentally that there is no such magnetic field effect in the Zener Diode Dynamical Space Quantum Detectors. 1
v.11(4), 317-320, with the data confirming the generalisation of the Schrödinger equa-tion to include the interaction of the wave function with dynamical space. Dynamical space, via this interaction process, raises and lowers the energy of the electron wave function, which is detected by observing consequent variations in the electron quantum barrier tunnelling rate in reverse-biased Zener diodes. This process has previously been reported and enabled the measurement of the speed of the dynamical space flow, which is consistent with numerous other detection experiments. However Vrba, Progress in Physics, 2015, v.11(4), 330, has suggested the various experimental results may have been caused by magnetic field effects, but without any experimental evidence. Here we show experimentally that there is no such magnetic field effect in the Zener Diode Dynamical Space Quantum Detectors. 1
A new quantum gravity experiment is reported with the data confirming the generali-sation of the Schrödinger equation to include the interaction of the wave function with dynamical space. Dynamical space turbulence, via this interaction process, raises and lowers the energy of the electron wave function, which is detected by observing conse-quent variations in the electron quantum barrier tunnelling rate in reverse-biased Zener diodes. This process has previously been reported and enabled the measurement of the speed of the dynamical space flow, which is consistent with numerous other detection experiments. The interaction process is dependent on the angle between the dynamical space flow velocity and the direction of the electron flow in the diode, and this depen-dence is experimentally demonstrated. This interaction process explains gravity as an emergent quantum process, so unifying quantum phenomena and gravity. Gravitational waves are easily detected. 1
A consistent theory including gravitational effects in quantum mechanics has not been found. Although many different approaches have been proposed for theory of quantum gravity, several authors have suggested that gravity may be fundamentally classical. As there is no experimental evidence for a fundamentally quantum vs. fundamentally classical theory of gravity, it is hoped that investigating the consequences of semiclassical gravity, one may propose an experiment to distinguish between the quantum or classical nature of gravity. As opto- and electromechanical devices allow quantum limited measurement and control over massive, mechanical degrees of freedom, they are ideal systems to test violations of standard quantum mechanics arising from gravitational effects. After a brief introduction to the background theory and literature review, we begin by introducing a semiclassical model of gravity based on quantum measurement and control. We show under which conditions the theory behaves like a collapse model, and how a Newtonian potential is recovered in the multi particle case.We then go on to analyse our semiclassical model in two scenarios: firstly in a cosmological setting, and secondly by considering quantum clocks on the surface of the earth. In the cosmological description, we show that a violation of energy conservation, resulting from our model, can be reinterpreted as a dark energy fluid in the spacetime, suggesting that perhaps local violations of conservations of energy may be resolved in a cosmological framework. Secondly, we derive a minimum, gravitational dephasing rate for quantum clocks under the semiclassical model, which unsurprisingly, is is well below the resolution of current state of the art clocks. The next chapters diverge from analysing the gravitational model, and instead focus on novel methods of manipulating and measuring micromechanical devices, that may be used to experimentally probe the results of the semi-classical theory. Firstly we show that a sequence of coherently controlled pulses in an optomechanical system can be used to directly probe the momentum of an oscillator - opening up the possibility for direct detection of momentum diffusion, which is a consequence of the semiclassical gravity model. Secondly, we introduce an electro-mechanical device, and sequence of control operations, that may be understood as an interferometer for the wave function of a mechanical oscillator coupled to a qubit. We show how the resulting interference pattern can distinguish between unitary evolution, thermalisation/decoherence, and a purely classical description of the mechanical oscillator. We also show how the qubit-oscillator interaction can be used generate arbitrary wave functions of the mechanical oscillator, using only classical qubit driving.
In its natural state the electron is represented by superimposed quantum states. This is the phase of linear unitary evolution, or U Phase, described by Schrodinger equation. Whereas, when we carry out a measurement (M), it took place a reduction of the state vectors(R Process): we have the wave function collapse (WFC) of the measured quantum object (QO). The M, thus, produces a big changes on the physical properties of the observed particle. How do these changes happen? What is the secret mechanism which creates the WFC? We don’t know. With this paper we try to introduce a new parameter, induced by the electro-magnetic radiation (EMR), which can help us discern the doubts about the R Process, and try to find a continuity in order to link the U Phase to the R Process, so contrasting at the moment. The new parameter could be a gravity and quantum effect, when we try to make a M of a subatomic object. What is this effect represented by? It is a gravitational effect, since it is a mass-effect, a mechanical action induced by quanta of EMR: therefore, it is also a quantum effect. The photon (P) is indispensable to carry out a M. No M can be carried out without using the EMR. Calculus show that a P of the optic band hits an electron with a dynamic-mass, a radiation pressure, a pushing momentum equal to 1.32510-22[gcm/s]. Thus, we can infer it is a quantum gravitational effect to cause the WFC of the QO undergoing the M. In short, it could be essentially the mechanical action represented by the gravitational mass effect of light’s quanta to induce the WFC and the Measurement’s Paradox and, likely, make a starting point to a Correct Quantum Gravity.
It has been observed experimentally that the tunneling current across pn tunnel diodes decreases when a magnetic field is applied to it at liquid helium temperatures. Such a decrease is noticed both for longitudinal and transverse applications of magnetic fields relative to the direction of the current flow. Classically, tunneling of particles is regarded to propagate with the speed of light. Therefore, on the basis of the postulates of special theory of relativity tunneling of a potential barrier by particles should be independent of the state of motion of an observer relative to the tunneling system. In other words, the tunneling rate should remain unaffected of the motion of the observer. Therefore, to explain tunneling of particles in a crossed configuration of electric and magnetic fields, a suitable frame of reference for an observer can always be chosen so that the magnetic flux density observed from the new frame reduces to zero. The tunneling along the reduced electric field intensity may then be studied on established laws. The resultant electric field intensity in such a case becomes a function of the original magnetic flux density and it shows a steady decline with the increase in the magnitude of the latter. Therefore, a reduction in the tunneling probability and the tunneling current density is expected when the magnetic flux density normal to the current flow is increased. Finally, at a particular magnetic field intensity the tunneling current density drops to zero. It then turns out that the cyclotron frequency corresponding to this cut off magnetic field is proportional to the reciprocal of the tunneling time derived on the ideas of quantum measurement and observations. Therefore, by recording the normal magnetic flux density required to cut off the tunneling current across pn tunnel diodes immersed in a liquid helium bath, it may be possible to make an estimate of the tunneling time across a potential barrier. The working expression of the calculation of the tunneling time also follows independently of the relativistic treatment outlined above. The identity of results derived on the two approaches seems to justify the fact that the speed Of tunneling is really high enough so that the relativistic treatments may be applied to it as an approximation although tunneling may not propagate with the exact speed of light.
If you are superstitious, a black cat in your path is bad karma, even if you stay away. Similarly, in quantum physics, particles can feel the effect of a magnetic field without ever having direct contact with it. So far, scientists have shown that this mental quantum effect is not just for magnetic fields, but also for gravity—and it's no superstition. Usually, in order to feel the effect of a magnetic field, a particle must pass through it. In 1959, however, physicists Yakir Aharonov and David Bohm predicted that in a specific scenario, conventional wisdom would fail. The magnetic field at the cylindrical site can affect particles - such as electrons - that cannot enter the cylinder. In this scenario, the electrons do not have a clear location, but exist in "superpositions", quantum states characterized by the possibilities of the particle occurring in two different locations. Each broken particle simultaneously takes two different paths around the magnetic cylinder. Although the magnetic field never touches the electrons and thus exerts no force on them, the magnetic field changes the pattern in which the particles are at the end of this excursion, as confirmed by several experiments (SN: 3/ 1/86). In the new analysis, the same unusual physics is at play for the gravitational field, the physicists reported in January. 14 Science. "Every time I look at this analysis, I think, 'It's amazing that nature works this way,'" said physicist Mark Kasevich of Stanford University. Kasevich and colleagues released rubidium atoms in a 10-meter-high vacuum chamber, hit them with lasers to place them in quantum superpositions along two different trajectories, and watched the atoms fall. In particular, particles do not exist in a zone without a gravitational field. Instead, the analysis was designed to allow researchers to examine the effects of gravitational forces and show the impressive Aharonov-Bohm effect. The study not only shows a popular effect in physics in a new environment, but also shows the potential of studying the subtle effects of gravitational systems. For example, researchers tried to use this type of method to better measure Newton's gravitational constant G, which expresses the force of gravity, and is now known to be less accurate than other fundamental constants of nature (SN: 8/29/18 ). An important feature in this test is called interference. In quantum physics, atoms and other particles behave like waves that add and subtract, like two ripples in the ocean coming together to form a larger wave. At the end of the atoms' flight, scientists reconnect the two paths of the atoms so that their waves interfere and measure where the atoms end up. Arrival locations are particularly susceptible to adjustments that change where the crests and troughs of the waves hit, known as phase shifts. On top of the vacuum chamber, the scientists placed a piece of tungsten weighing 1.25 kilograms. To isolate the Aharonov-Bohm effect, the researchers performed the same analysis with and without this mass and for two different sets of ejected atoms, one flying close to the mass and the other further down. Each of these two sets of atoms is divided into superpositions, with one orbit closer to the mass than the other, separated by about 25 centimeters. https://zenodo.org/record/6891716 https://zenodo.org/record/6891957 https://zenodo.org/record/6891970 https://zenodo.org/record/6892510 https://zenodo.org/record/6892556 https://zenodo.org/record/6892623 https://zenodo.org/record/6892698 The group is surrounded by additional layers of atoms with superpositions separated by small distances. Comparing how the different sets of atoms interact, with and without the tungsten mass, induces a phase transition that is not due to gravity. Instead, this enhancement comes from time dilation, which is part of Einstein's theory of gravity, the general theory of relativity, which causes time to flow more slowly for a massive object. The two theories underlying this analysis, general relativity and quantum mechanics, do not work well together. Scientists don't know how to piece it together to describe reality. So for physicists, says Guglielmo Tino of the University of Florence, who was not involved in the new study, "to test gravity with a quantum sensor, I think that's one of the ... major challenges of today."
We study tunneling of a Bose-Einstein condensates confined in a effective double-well potential (a single well with a spatially magnetic modulated scattering length, actually), called pseudo double-well trap, in which the interaction of atoms characterized by the s-wave scattering length a s can be widely tuned with a magnetic-field Feshbach resonance. As a result, corresponding to different nonlinear parameters, the energy levels of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation can have complex structures in their dependence on the bias between the wells. We discuss the emergence of looped levels, which lead to a breakdown of adiabaticity that the Landau-Zener transition probability does not vanish even in the adiabatic limit. Moreover, we also find that the Landau-Zener tunneling in the pseudo trap show many striking properties distinguished from that of the real trap model (where the barrier is created by the external potential). Possible experimental observation in an opticallyinduced photonic lattices in a photorefractive material is suggested.