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European Solid-State Device Research Conference

Quantum Computation and Proposal for Solid-state Quantum Gates

Andrea Bertoni, Susanna Reggiani

Published Jan 1, 2002• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We present a brief review of the basic requirements for a quantum-computing device based on solid-state technology. An overview covering many prototype implementations and proposals is first presented. Then, the formalism used to describe the quantum transformations is introduced, together with the characteristics that make a set of quantum gates universal. Finally, a simulative analysis of a physical system based on coherent electron propagation in quantum wires shows how such a system meets the requirements for the realization of a universal set of quantum gates.

DOI
10.1109/essderc.2002.194949

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Quantum computing uses quantum-mechanical principles to enable new models of computation bexond the classical paradigm. This article presents an accessible introduction to the mathematical and conceptual foundations of quantum computing, covering qubits, quantum gates, multi-qubit systems, entanglement, and measurement. The gate-based computation model and quantum circuits are introduced, together with key notations such as universality and reversibility. As an illustrative example, the Deutsch-Josza algorithm is discussed to demonstrate how quantum algorithm can be constucted. The article concludes with a brief overview of the current state and challenges of quantum computing.
The proposal of quantum information processing has shown us the first serious possibility, though still limited in applications, to break away from the traditional spell that has been binding integration scale and processing power for some time. The qubit (quantum bit), the basic element of quantum information processing, consists of a quantum two-level system that can be brought to a superposition by an external mean. Among the numerous possible two-level systems, various typical microscopic two-level systems such as nuclear spins and atomic states have been utilized first to demonstrate the realization of quantum calculation. However, to realize a scaled-up version of a quantum computing system consisting of hundreds of qubits, a solid state electronics version of it is considered to be indispensable. We demonstrate the first electronic control of 1-qubit achieved in a solid state device using a submicron electron device called a single-electron box, a small conductive box connected to the outside by a tunnel junction and a gate capacitor. The scalability of such a solid state qubit is considered to be a prerequisite for a practical quantum computer of the future.
Technological growth in the electronics industry has historically been measured by the number of transistors that can be crammed onto a single microchip. Unfortunately, all good things must come to an end; spectacular growth in the number of transistors on a chip requires spectacular reduction of the transistor size. For electrons in semiconductors, the laws of quantum mechanics take over at the nanometre scale, and the conventional wisdom for progress (transistor cramming) must be abandoned. This realization has stimulated extensive research on ways to exploit the spin (in addition to the orbital) degree of freedom of the electron, giving birth to the field of spintronics . Perhaps the most ambitious goal of spintronics is to realize complete control over the quantum mechanical nature of the relevant spins. This prospect has motivated a race to design and build a spintronic device capable of complete control over its quantum mechanical state, and ultimately, performing computations: a quantum computer. In this tutorial we summarize past and very recent developments which point the way to spin-based quantum computing in the solid state. After introducing a set of basic requirements for any quantum computer proposal, we offer a brief summary of some of the many theoretical proposals for solid-state quantum computers. We then focus on the Loss–DiVincenzo proposal for quantum computing with the spins of electrons confined to quantum dots. There are many obstacles to building such a quantum device. We address these, and survey recent theoretical, and then experimental progress in the field. To conclude the tutorial, we list some as-yet unrealized experiments, which would be crucial for the development of a quantum dot quantum computer.