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Bulletin of the American Physical Society

Interference between two indistinguishable electrons - observation of two-particle Aharonov-Bohm interference

Izhar Neder

Published Mar 19, 2010• 0 citations
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Theory predicts that electrons emitted from independent electron sources (metallic contacts) can nevertheless interfere. This interference is manifest in an exchange contribution to the shot noise correlation of currents at different contacts of a mesoscopic conductor. A geometry has been proposed in which second order (single particle) interference due to superposition of amplitudes is absent but fourth order (two-particle) interference exhibits Aharonov-Bohm oscillations. Recently such a geometry has been realized in an experiment and the theoretically predicted two-particle Aharonov-Bohm effect has been detected. We discuss Bell measurements and quantum state tomography using shot noise correlations. We discuss in addition structures in which two-particle interference effects are generated dynamically by varying electrostatic potentials with the help of gates or by generating electron-hole pairs by irradiating contacts of a mesoscopic conductor. These examples emphasize that two-particle processes are not related to a particular geometry but are a general feature of multiparticle observables like shot noise correlations.

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Interference of independently emitted electrons in quantum shot noise *

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Abstract Theory predicts that electrons emitted from independent electron sources (metallic contacts) can nevertheless interfere. This interference is manifest in an exchange contribution to the shot noise correlation of currents at different contacts of a mesoscopic conductor. A geometry has been proposed in which second order (single particle) interference due to superposition of amplitudes is absent but fourth order (two‐particle) interference exhibits Aharonov‐Bohm oscillations. Recently such a geometry has been realized in an experiment and the theoretically predicted two‐particle Aharonov‐Bohm effect has been detected. We discuss Bell measurements and quantum state tomography using shot noise correlations. We discuss in addition structures in which two‐particle interference effects are generated dynamically by varying electrostatic potentials with the help of gates or by generating electron‐hole pairs by irradiating contacts of a mesoscopic conductor. These examples emphasize that two‐particle processes are not related to a particular geometry but are a general feature of multiparticle observables like shot noise correlations.

Annalen der Physik•Oct 10, 2007•0 citations
Very much like the ubiquitous quantum interference of a single particle with itself, quantum interference of two independent, but indistinguishable, particles is also possible. This interference is a direct result of quantum exchange statistics, however, it is observed only in the joint probability to find the particles in two separated detectors. Here we report the first observation of such interference fringes between two independent and non-interacting electrons in an interferometer proposed by Yurke et al. and Samuelsson et al. Our experiment resembles the "Hanbury Brown and Twiss" (HBT) experiment, which was performed with classical waves. In the experiment, two independent and mutually incoherent electron beams were each partitioned into two trajectories. The combined four trajectories enclosed an Aharonov-Bohm (AB) flux (but not the two trajectories of a single electron). While individual currents were found to be independent of the AB flux, as expected, the cross-correlation between current fluctuations in two opposite points across the device exhibited strong AB oscillations. This is a direct signature of orbital entanglement between two electrons even though they never interact with each other.
Theory predicts that electrons emitted from independent electron sources (metallic contacts) can nevertheless interfere. This interference is manifest in an exchange contribution to the shot noise correlation of currents at different contacts of a mesoscopic conductor. A geometry has been proposed in which second order (single particle) interference due to superposition of amplitudes is absent but fourth order (two-particle) interference exhibits Aharonov-Bohm oscillations. Recently such a geometry has been realized in an experiment and the theoretically predicted two-particle Aharonov-Bohm effect has been detected. We discuss Bell measurements and quantum state tomography using shot noise correlations. We discuss in addition structures in which two-particle interference effects are generated dynamically by varying electrostatic potentials with the help of gates or by generating electron-hole pairs by irradiating contacts of a mesoscopic conductor. These examples emphasize that two-particle processes are not related to a particular geometry but are a general feature of multiparticle observables like shot noise correlations.
Abstract Theory predicts that electrons emitted from independent electron sources (metallic contacts) can nevertheless interfere. This interference is manifest in an exchange contribution to the shot noise correlation of currents at different contacts of a mesoscopic conductor. A geometry has been proposed in which second order (single particle) interference due to superposition of amplitudes is absent but fourth order (two‐particle) interference exhibits Aharonov‐Bohm oscillations. Recently such a geometry has been realized in an experiment and the theoretically predicted two‐particle Aharonov‐Bohm effect has been detected. We discuss Bell measurements and quantum state tomography using shot noise correlations. We discuss in addition structures in which two‐particle interference effects are generated dynamically by varying electrostatic potentials with the help of gates or by generating electron‐hole pairs by irradiating contacts of a mesoscopic conductor. These examples emphasize that two‐particle processes are not related to a particular geometry but are a general feature of multiparticle observables like shot noise correlations.