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OALib

An Improved “Interference Collapse Rule” of Quantum Mechanics

Hans H. Diel

Published Jan 1, 2015• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The double-slit (gedanken-) experiment is the most famous experiment in quantum theory (QT).The explanation of the strange behavior of the electron in this experiment is used as a key example in QT in general.The description of the experiment includes a rationalization of when in quantum mechanics interference occurs and (most importantly) when it "collapses".The aforementioned rule, here called the "interference collapse rule", is contained in almost all textbooks of QT with only slight variations.However, this rule makes sense only with additional assumptions which apparently are not generally agreed upon among physicists.The paper proposes an improved interference collapse rule that connects the interference collapse to the QT measurement and a functional interpretation of QT measurement.

DOI
10.4236/oalib.1101838

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The double-slit (gedanken-) experiment is the most famous experiment in quantum theory (QT).The explanation of the strange behavior of the electron in this experiment is used as a key example in QT in general.The description of the experiment includes a rationalization of when in quantum mechanics interference occurs and (most importantly) when it "collapses".The aforementioned rule, here called the "interference collapse rule", is contained in almost all textbooks of QT with only slight variations.However, this rule makes sense only with additional assumptions which apparently are not generally agreed upon among physicists.The paper proposes an improved interference collapse rule that connects the interference collapse to the QT measurement and a functional interpretation of QT measurement.
The double slit interference experiment has been famously described by Richard Feynman as containing the "only mystery of quantum mechanics". The history of quantum mechanics is intimately linked with the discovery of the dual nature of matter and radiation. While the double slit experiment for light is easily undertsood in terms of its wave nature, the very same experiment for particles like the electron is somewhat more difficult to comprehend. By the 1920s it was firmly established that electrons have a wave nature. However, for a very long time, most discussions pertaining to interference experiments for particles were merely gedanken experiments. It took almost six decades after the establishment of its wave nature to carry out a 'double slit interference' experiment for electrons. This set the stage for interference experiments with larger particles. In the last decade there has been spectacular progress in matter-wave interefernce experiments. Today, molecules with over a hundred atoms can be made to interfere. In the following we discuss some of these exciting developments which probe new regimes of Nature, bringing us closer to the heart of quantum mechanics and its hidden mysteries.
We argue that the double-slit experiment can be understood much better by considering it as an experiment whereby one uses electrons to study the set-up rather than an experiment whereby we use a set-up to study the behaviour of electrons. We also show how the concept of undecidability can be used in an intuitive way to make sense of the double-slit experiment and the quantum rules for calculating coherent and incoherent probabilities. We meet here a situation where the electrons always behave in a fully deterministic way (following Einstein's conception of reality), while the detailed design of the set-up may render the question about the way they move through the set-up experimentally undecidable (which follows more Bohr's conception of reality). We show that the expression ψ1+ψ2ψ_{1} + ψ_{2}ψ1​+ψ2​ for the wave function of the double-slit experiment is numerically correct, but logically flawed. It has to be replaced in the interference region by the logically correct expression ψ1′+ψ2′ψ'_{1} + ψ'_{2}ψ1′​+ψ2′​, which has the same numerical value as ψ1+ψ2ψ_{1} + ψ_{2}ψ1​+ψ2​, such that ψ1′+ψ2′=ψ1+ψ2ψ'_{1} + ψ'_{2} = ψ_{1} + ψ_{2}ψ1′​+ψ2′​=ψ1​+ψ2​, but with ψ1′=ψ1+ψ22 eıπ4≠ψ1ψ'_{1} = {ψ_{1} +ψ_{2}\over{\sqrt{2}}} \,e^{\imath {π\over{4}}} \neq ψ_{1}ψ1′​=2​ψ1​+ψ2​​e4π​=ψ1​ and ψ2′=ψ1+ψ22 e−ıπ4≠ψ2ψ'_{2} = {ψ_{1} +ψ_{2}\over{\sqrt{2}}}\,e^{-\imath {π\over{4}}}\neq ψ_{2}ψ2′​=2​ψ1​+ψ2​​e−4π​=ψ2​. Here ψ1′ψ'_{1}ψ1′​ and ψ2′ψ'_{2}ψ2′​ are the correct contributions from the slits to the total wave function ψ1′+ψ2′ψ'_{1} + ψ'_{2}ψ1′​+ψ2′​. We have then $p = |ψ'_{1} + ψ'_{2}|^{2} = |ψ'_{1}|^{2} + |ψ'_{2}|^{2} = p_{1}+p_{2} $ such that the paradox that quantum mechanics (QM) would not follow the traditional rules of probability calculus disappears.
This is an example description of why and how the wave nature of quantum objects collapses on measurement. The article takes double slit experiment as an example where observing the electrons/photons causes them to abandon the wave nature and start behaving like particles. I.e. the interference pattern disappears. Why the measurement causes a switch from wave nature to particle behavior? It is explained with one specific example scenario. This example can be extended to other scenarios with necessary adjustments.
We show that it is possible to explain the quantum measurement process within the framework of quantum mechanics without any additional postulates. The key concept of the theory is decoherence, which appears as an inherent characteristic of quantum mechanics and results from the uncertainty relation. In contrast to environment-induced decoherence, this decoherence exists prior to a measurement being made. To clarify our idea, we examine three elemental experiments: a Stern-Gerlach-like experiment, the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bohm (EPR-Bohm) experiment, and the double-slit experiment. By considering the first experiment, we explain how the uncertainty relation between position and momentum introduces decoherence prior to measurement. Consideration of the EPR-Bohm experiment leads us to conclude that the correlation of the EPR pair is not a consequence of what is known as the collapse of the wave function. Our theory of decoherence can also be applied to experiments with continuous eigenvalues, such as the double-slit experiment. Consideration of the double-slit experiment leads us to understand how pure quantum mechanics describes the fact that quanta behave as interfering particles.
The double-slit interference experiment serves as a fundamental experiment in quantum mechanics. Core theories including wave-particle duality, quantum superposition and measurement collapse are established on the basis of this phenomenon. The mainstream Copenhagen interpretation and Bohmian pilot-wave theory rely heavily on mathematical statistical fitting to interpret experimental outcomes, yet they fail to reveal the real physical evolution mechanism of photons at the microscale. Moreover, they inherently suffer from symmetry breaking, causal discontinuity and logical inconsistency. The symmetry-breaking analogy widely adopted in academic circles contains dimensional mismatch and conceptual substitution, representing a cognitive bias that places mathematical tools above physical mechanisms. Based on the symmetry principle of classical physics and the rule of continuous causal evolution, this paper systematically identifies the core defects of mainstream quantum interpretations and points out the paradigm limitation of quantum mechanics that prioritizes mathematical fitting over physical ontology. A spatial particle resonance propagation model is proposed. This model explains that photons are essentially the resonance manifestation of space particles. When resonance passes through double slits, the resonance body splits symmetrically, and then recombines after passing through the slits to form interference. Measurement will break the symmetry of resonance, resulting in the disappearance of interference fringes. This model maintains continuous causality and geometric symmetry, and provides a new physical mechanism explanation for quantum uncertainty and measurement effects in double-slit experiments.
This paper proposes a spectral reinterpretation of wavefunction collapse based on the electromagnetic nature of the electron. In this framework, the electron is not a point particle but a confined electromagnetic wave. The so-called “collapse of the wavefunction” is not a mysterious or observer-induced process, but a real physical phenomenon — a destructive spectral interaction between the electron’s wave field and the electromagnetic field of the measuring device. This interaction destroys the spectral coherence of the electron wave, transforming it from a complex interference-capable field into a linear mode that manifests as a localized detection event. The model provides a tangible physical mechanism for the disappearance of interference in the double-slit experiment when measurement occurs.