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Detection of Angular Momentum Transfer from a Single Photon to a Single Electron Spin in a Lateral Double Quantum Dot

高史 藤田

Published Mar 24, 2014• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The information transfer from a photon to an electron spin in semiconductors is predicted to forward the realization of quantum computation.Gate defined lateral quantum dots is an attractive platform in this sense since the electrical single and two quantum bit (qubit) gate operations have been demonstrated only in this system.However, realization of quantum media conversion is limited up to the single photon to charge conversion due to the large disturbance of electrostatic potentials by the irradiation of light.It is still challenging to achieve high visibility of single-shot photoelectron spin measurements and the detection of angular momentum transfer from a single photon polarization to a single photoelectron spin.This work presents the detection of single photoelectron spins excited by single circularly polarized photons and confirm the optical selection rules associated with the conversion.Double heterostructure GaAs quantum wells (QWs) were prepared to selectively excite electron spins from the discrete heavy and light hole bands.The QWs are also designed to meet the requirement of the coherent transfer scheme.The out of plane electron g-factors were measured from resistively detected electron spin resonance experiments and we determined the well width implying the near zero in-plane electron g-factor.To overcome the disturbance due to light irradiation, a double quantum dot (DQD) was formed on the chosen QW.DQDs are preferable for high visibility detection of spin states using Pauli spin blockade.Additionally, under i Here, I would like to thank them all.

DOI
10.15083/00006774

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The information transfer from a photon to an electron spin in semiconductors is predicted to forward the realization of quantum computation.Gate defined lateral quantum dots is an attractive platform in this sense since the electrical single and two quantum bit (qubit) gate operations have been demonstrated only in this system.However, realization of quantum media conversion is limited up to the single photon to charge conversion due to the large disturbance of electrostatic potentials by the irradiation of light.It is still challenging to achieve high visibility of single-shot photoelectron spin measurements and the detection of angular momentum transfer from a single photon polarization to a single photoelectron spin.This work presents the detection of single photoelectron spins excited by single circularly polarized photons and confirm the optical selection rules associated with the conversion.Double heterostructure GaAs quantum wells (QWs) were prepared to selectively excite electron spins from the discrete heavy and light hole bands.The QWs are also designed to meet the requirement of the coherent transfer scheme.The out of plane electron g-factors were measured from resistively detected electron spin resonance experiments and we determined the well width implying the near zero in-plane electron g-factor.To overcome the disturbance due to light irradiation, a double quantum dot (DQD) was formed on the chosen QW.DQDs are preferable for high visibility detection of spin states using Pauli spin blockade.Additionally, under i Here, I would like to thank them all.
Gate-defined quantum dots (QDs) are such a highly-tunable quantum system in which single spins can be electrically coupled, manipulated, and measured. However, the spins in gate-defined QDs are lacking its interface to free-space photons. Here, we verify that a circularly-polarized single photon can excite a single electron spin via the transfer of angular momentum, measured using Pauli spin blockade (PSB) in a double QD. We monitor the inter-dot charge tunneling which only occur when the photo-electron spin in one QD is anti-parallel to the electron spin in the other. This allows us to detect single photo-electrons in the spin-up/down basis using PSB. The photon polarization dependence of the excited spin state was finally confirmed for the heavy-hole exciton excitation. The angular momentum transfer observed here is a fundamental step providing a route to instant injection of spins, distributing single spin information, and possibly towards extending quantum communication.
Quantum state transfer from a single photon to a single electron following selection rules can only occur for a spin-resolved light-hole excitation in GaAs quantum dots; however, these phenomena have yet to be experimentally realized. Here, we report on single-shot readout of a single electron spin via the Zeeman-resolved light-hole excitation using an optical spin blockade method in a GaAs quantum dot and a Pauli spin blockade method in a double GaAs quantum dot. The observed photoexcitation probability strongly depends on the photon polarization, an indication of angular momentum transfer from a single photon to an electron. Our demonstration will open a pathway to further investigation of fundamental quantum physics and applications of quantum networking technology.
Spin is a quantum property of electrons. For spin-based quantum information technology, preparation and read-out of the electron spin state should be spin coherent. We demonstrate that the polarization coher ence of light can be transferred to the spin coherence of electrons in a semiconductor quantum nanostructure [1], and the prepared coherence of the electron spin can also be read out with light by the developed tomographic Kerr rotation method [2]. We also demonstrate that a single photon is efficiently converted (~27%) into a single electron trapped in a gate-defined quantum dot, where the g-factor of electrons is tuned to zero, and the charge state is detected with an adjacent quantum point contact without destructing the spin state [3]. We further demonstrate that the spin coherence of a single electron trapped in one of double quantum dots is electrically manipulated with a microwave applied to the gate and read out via the Pauli spin blockade phenomenon [4]. These demonstrations were carried out in a condition where the up/down spin basis states of electrons remain ed degenerated under an in-plain magnetic field. As this condition ensures the energy conservation between photons and electrons, the entire Poincare sphere representing polarization states of photons can be mapped onto the Bloch sphere representing spin polar ization states of electrons. We theoretically showed that relative spin coherence of two electrons can be also measured with the help of spin-flip tunneling of electrons between the dots [5]. Full Bell state measurement is also possible by the single -spin manipulation and Pauli spin blockade [6]. All of these functions are needed to build all semiconductor quantum repeaters and distributed quantum computers.
This dissertation describes a set of experiments with the goal of creating a super-conductor-semiconductor hybrid circuit quantum electrodynamics architecture with single electron spins. Single spins in silicon quantum dots have emerged as attractive qubits for quantum computation. However, how to scale up spin qubit systems remains an open question. The hybrid architecture considered here could provide a route to realizing large networks of quantum dot–based spin qubit registers. The first experiment in this thesis is aimed at achieving strong coupling between a single electron spin and a single microwave photon. The electron is trapped in a gate-defined double quantum dot in a Si/SiGe heterostructure and the photon is stored in an on-chip superconducting high-impedance NbTiN cavity. The photon is coupled directly to the electron charge, and indirectly to the electron spin, mediated through a synthetic spin-orbit field. We observe a vacuum Rabi splitting that depends on the spin-charge hybridization. The ratio of spin-photon coupling strength to decoherence rates of the spin and cavity combined is larger than unity, confirming the strong coupling regime has been reached. In addition, we find an optimal degree of spin-charge hybridization for which this ratio is maximized. The demonstration of strong spin-photon coupling not only opens a new range of physics experiments, but fulfills also a crucial requirement for coupling spin qubits at a distance via a cavity. The second experiment is focused on spin readout with the on-chip cavity. Instead of the direct dispersive readout of a single spin, we use the cavity to detect whether the electron is allowed to tunnel between the two dots or not. We benchmark the charge sensitivity and bandwidth of the detector and find that rapid detection of the electron charge with high SNR is possible. In the two-electron regime, electron tunneling is contingent on the total spin state (Pauli spin blockade). This spin-to-charge conversion scheme enables single-shot detection of singlet states with high-fidelity. The demonstration of single-shot spin readout with a cavity is an essential step towards readout in dense spin qubit arrays, such as the crossbar network, where it is not possible to integrate electrometers and accompanying reservoirs adjacent to the qubit dots. In the third experiment, we develop on-chip microwave filters to suppress microwave photon leakage from the cavity through the gate electrodes that are necessary to form quantum dots. We introduce a new cavity design that is compatible with long-distance connectivity between spins, but is also more susceptible to microwave leakage. We test and compare two low-pass filter variations in terms of performance, footprint and integrability. They use the same nanowire inductor, but different implementations of the capacitor: one with a planar interdigitated capacitor and one novel design with an overlapping thin-film capacitor. We find that both approaches are effective against microwave leakage. However, the large footprint of the interdigitated capacitor makes this solution inconvenient as the number of gate lines increases. The thin-film capacitor, with its much smaller footprint, is better suited for our devices. The final part of this dissertation contains concluding remarks and possible future directions are proposed.
Semiconductor quantum dots (known as artificial atoms) hold great promise for solid-state quantum networks and quantum computers. To realize a quantum network, it is crucial to achieve light-matter entanglement and coherent quantum-state transfer between light and matter. Here we present a robust photon-spin entangling gate with high fidelity and high efficiency (up to 50 percent) using a charged quantum dot in a double-sided microcavity. This gate is based on giant circular birefringence induced by a single electron spin, and functions as an optical circular polariser which allows only one circularly-polarized component of light to be transmitted depending on the electron spin states. We show this gate can be used for single-shot quantum non-demolition measurement of a single electron spin, and can work as an entanglement filter to make a photon-spin entangler, spin entangler and photon entangler as well as a photon-spin quantum interface. This work allows us to make all building blocks for solid-state quantum networks with single photons and quantum-dot spins.