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Science

Complex quantum optical circuitry

Ian S. Osborne

Published Aug 13, 2015• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum Optics![Figure][1] This versatile universal linear optics chip is reprogrammable IMAGE: NOBUYUKI MATSUDA/NTT BASIC RESEARCH LABORATORIES Encoding and manipulating information in the states of single photons provides a potential platform for quantum computing and communication.

DOI
10.1126/science.349.6249.701-a

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Quantum Optics![Figure][1]
This versatile universal linear optics chip is reprogrammable
IMAGE: NOBUYUKI MATSUDA/NTT BASIC RESEARCH LABORATORIES
Encoding and manipulating information in the states of single photons provides a potential platform for quantum computing and communication.
Linear optics underpins fundamental tests of quantum mechanics and quantum technologies. We demonstrate a single reprogrammable optical circuit that is sufficient to implement all possible linear optical protocols up to the size of that circuit. Our six-mode universal system consists of a cascade of 15 Mach-Zehnder interferometers with 30 thermo-optic phase shifters integrated into a single photonic chip that is electrically and optically interfaced for arbitrary setting of all phase shifters, input of up to six photons, and their measurement with a 12-single-photon detector system. We programmed this system to implement heralded quantum logic and entangling gates, boson sampling with verification tests, and six-dimensional complex Hadamards. We implemented 100 Haar random unitaries with an average fidelity of 0.999 ± 0.001. Our system can be rapidly reprogrammed to implement these and any other linear optical protocol, pointing the way to applications across fundamental science and quantum technologies.
Linear optics has seen a resurgence for applications in quantum information processing owing to its miniaturisation on-chip, and increase in production efficiency and quality of single photons. Time-bin encodings have also become feasible owing to architectural breakthroughs, and new processing capabilities. Theoretical efforts have found new ways to implement universal quantum computations with linear optics requiring less resources, and to demonstrate the capabilities of linear optics without requiring a universal optical quantum computer.
Quantum Optics The ability to pattern optical circuits on-chip, along with coupling in single and entangled photon sources, provides the basis for an integrated quantum optics platform. Wang et al. demonstrate how they can expand on that platform to fabricate very large quantum optical circuitry. They integrated more than 550 quantum optical components and 16 photon sources on a state-of-the-art single silicon chip, enabling universal generation, control, and analysis of multidimensional entanglement. The results illustrate the power of an integrated quantum optics approach for developing quantum technologies. Science , this issue p. [285][1] [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aar7053
In the previous chapter we developed some of the basic aspects of quantum information processing with single photons as qubits. Apart from noting the obvious benefit of using light for quantum communication, we identified some difficulties in manipulating quantum information that is encoded in photons. In particular, it is difficult to construct two-qubit gates for photonic qubits. In this chapter we will have to face this difficulty head-on in our discussion of quantum computation with single photons and linear-optical elements. The possibility of a quantum computer based on single photons, linear optics, and photon counting was demonstrated in a landmark paper by Knill, Laflamme, and Milburn in 2001. Their protocol is commonly referred to as the ‘ klm protocol’. In subsequent years, the klm protocol has been dramatically slimmed down in terms of complexity and the necessary resources to create the universal set of quantum gates. For pedagogical reasons we give the streamlined version here, and we briefly describe the original klm protocol in Appendix 2. We will make extensive use of the results in Section 1.4 about mode transformations, and Section 2.3 about cluster-state quantum computing. We start this chapter, however, with a description of linear-optical networks, and how they fail as deterministic quantum computers. In Section 6.2 we discuss the principle of post-selection, and how this can be used to create probabilistic gates with deterministic feed-forward control.
Summary form only given. Efficient quantum light sources and non-linear optical elements at the few photon level are the basic ingredients for most applications in nano and quantum technologies. On the other hand, a scalable platform for quantum information and communication typically requires reliable light matter interfaces and on-chip integration. In this work we demonstrate the potential of a novel hybrid technology which combines single organic molecules as quantum emitters and dielectric chips, consisting of ridge waveguides and grating far-field couplers [1].Here the emitters are integrated by spin-coating onto the photonic chip. We demonstrate at room temperature the emission of single photons from DBT molecules into ridge waveguides with a branching ratio up to 40%. The overall single-photon source efficiency, including emission into the guided mode, propagation losses, and emission into a quasi-gaussian mode in free space, is estimated around 16%. These results are competitive with state-of-the-art single photon emission into propagating guided modes from solid state systems [4], while offering a novel platform with unprecedented versatility. Single waveguided photons can be readily processed on-chip or efficiently extracted into a quasi-gaussian mode in free space. We also discuss options to further improve the collection efficiency and applications to quantum optics [5] and to study manybody-induced quantum correlation effects [6].