The first and main part of this thesis concerns the quantization of the transverse transport in diverse periodic quantum systems. From a theoretical point of view, the Hall conductivity's quantization may be understood at the single-particle level in terms of topological invariants. In periodic media such as crystals, the single-particle energy spectrum depicts a specific band structure. A modern approach, based on topology and differential geometry, consists in assigning an abstract mathematical object, a fibre bundle, to each energy band. The fibre bundle's topology is measured by a topological invariant, called the Chern number, which only takes integral values. Surprisingly, the transverse conductivity can be expressed as a sum of Chern numbers. In this work, one provides a rigorous derivation of this fact and one presents several methods which allow the numerical and analytical computation of the Chern numbers for diverse systems. The first original study concerns the physics of ultracold atoms trapped in optical lattices. These very popular experimental setups, which are currently designed in several laboratories worldwide, allow for the exploration of fundamental problems encountered in modern physics. In particular atoms trapped in optical lattices reproduce with a very high accuracy the physics of the Hubbard-type models which describe a huge variety of condensed matter phenomena, such as high-Tc superconductivity and the Mott quantum phase transition. Particularly interesting is the possibility to create artificial magnetic fields in optical lattices. Generated by complex laser configurations or by rotation of the trap, these artificial fields allow the simulation of electronic systems subjected to intense magnetic fields. In this thesis, one explores the possibility of a quantum Hall-like effect for neutral particles in such arrangements. In particular one focuses on the exotic situation in which non-Abelian gauge potentials are generated in the system. In these interesting arrangements, the atomic hoppings are assisted by external lasers and are described by non-commutating translation operators. The non-Abelian fields which are generated in these systems are well known in high-energy physics, where they play a key role in modern theories of fundamental interactions. Thereafter, our study of the IQHE in periodic systems concerns quantum graphs. These models which describe the propagation of a quantum wave within an arbitrary complex object are extremely versatile and hence allow the study of various interesting quantum phenomena. Quantum graphs appear in diverse fields such as solid state physics, quantum chemistry, quantum chaology and wave physics. On the other hand, in the context of quantum chaology, graphs have been the vehicle to confirm important conjectures about chaos signatures. In this thesis, one studies the spectral and chaological properties of infinite rectangular quantum graphs in the presence of a magnetic field. One then establishes the quantization of the Hall transverse conductivity for these systems. The second part of the thesis is devoted to the physics of interacting atoms trapped in optical lattices and subjected to artificial gauge potentials. One explores the Mott quantum phase transition in both bosonic and fermionic optical lattices subjected to such fields. The optical lattices are described through the Hubbard model in which the dynamics is ruled by two competing parameters: the interaction strength U and the tunneling amplitude t. The Mott phase is characterized by a commensurate filling of the lattice and is reached by increasing the ration U/t, which can be easily achieved experimentally by varying the depth of the optical potential. In this thesis one studies how this quantum phase transition is modified when the optical lattice is subjected to diverse artificial gauge potentials. Moreover, one shows that vortices are created in bosonic optical lattices in the vicinity of the Mott regime. The vortices are topological defects in the macroscopic wave function that describes the superfluid. One comments on the vortex patterns that are observed for several configurations of the gauge potential. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% La physique statistique quantique prédit l’émergence de propriétés remarquables lorsque la matière est soumise à des conditions extrêmes de basses températures. Aujourd’hui ces nouvelles phases de la matière jouent un rôle fondamental pour les technologies actuelles et ainsi méritent d’être étudiées sur le plan théorique. Dans le cadre de ma thèse, j’ai étudié l’effet Hall quantique qui se manifeste dans des systèmes bidimensionnels ultra froids et soumis à des champs magnétiques intenses. Cet effet remarquable se manifeste par la quantification parfaite d’un coefficient de transport appelé conductivité de Hall. Cette grandeur physique évolue alors sur divers plateaux qui correspondent à des valeurs entières d’une constante fondamentale de la nature. D’un point de vue théorique, cette quantification peut être approchée par la théorie des espaces fibrés qui permet d’exprimer la conductivité de Hall en termes d’invariants topologiques. Nous explorons l'effet Hall quantique pour différents systèmes en nous appuyant sur l’interprétation topologique de la quantification de la conductivité de Hall. Nous démontrons ainsi que l’effet Hall quantique se manifeste aussi bien dans les métaux que dans les graphes quantiques et les réseaux optiques. Les graphes quantiques sont des modèles permettant l’étude du transport dans des circuits fins, alors que les réseaux optiques sont des dispositifs actuellement réalisés en laboratoire qui piègent des atomes froids de façon périodique. Considérant différents champs magnétiques externes et variant la géométrie des systèmes, nous montrons que cet effet subit des modifications remarquables. Notamment, l’effet Hall quantique est représenté par des diagrammes des phases impressionnants :les multiples phases correspondant à la valeur entière de la conductivité de Hall se répartissent alors dans des structures fractales. De plus, ces diagrammes des phases se révèlent caractéristiques des différents systèmes étudiés. D’autre part, nous étudions la transition quantique de Mott dans les réseaux optiques. En augmentant l’interaction entre les particules, le système devient isolant et se caractérise par le remplissage homogène du réseau. Nous étudions également l’apparition de tourbillons quantiques lorsque le système est soumis à un champ magnétique au voisinage de la phase isolante.
The first and main part of this thesis concerns the quantization of the transverse transport in diverse periodic quantum systems. From a theoretical point of view, the Hall conductivity's quantization may be understood at the single-particle level in terms of topological invariants. In periodic media such as crystals, the single-particle energy spectrum depicts a specific band structure. A modern approach, based on topology and differential geometry, consists in assigning an abstract mathematical object, a fibre bundle, to each energy band. The fibre bundle's topology is measured by a topological invariant, called the Chern number, which only takes integral values. Surprisingly, the transverse conductivity can be expressed as a sum of Chern numbers. In this work, one provides a rigorous derivation of this fact and one presents several methods which allow the numerical and analytical computation of the Chern numbers for diverse systems. The first original study concerns the physics of ultracold atoms trapped in optical lattices. These very popular experimental setups, which are currently designed in several laboratories worldwide, allow for the exploration of fundamental problems encountered in modern physics. In particular atoms trapped in optical lattices reproduce with a very high accuracy the physics of the Hubbard-type models which describe a huge variety of condensed matter phenomena, such as high-Tc superconductivity and the Mott quantum phase transition. Particularly interesting is the possibility to create artificial magnetic fields in optical lattices. Generated by complex laser configurations or by rotation of the trap, these artificial fields allow the simulation of electronic systems subjected to intense magnetic fields. In this thesis, one explores the possibility of a quantum Hall-like effect for neutral particles in such arrangements. In particular one focuses on the exotic situation in which non-Abelian gauge potentials are generated in the system. In these interesting arrangements, the atomic hoppings are assisted by external lasers and are described by non-commutating translation operators. The non-Abelian fields which are generated in these systems are well known in high-energy physics, where they play a key role in modern theories of fundamental interactions. Thereafter, our study of the IQHE in periodic systems concerns quantum graphs. These models which describe the propagation of a quantum wave within an arbitrary complex object are extremely versatile and hence allow the study of various interesting quantum phenomena. Quantum graphs appear in diverse fields such as solid state physics, quantum chemistry, quantum chaology and wave physics. On the other hand, in the context of quantum chaology, graphs have been the vehicle to confirm important conjectures about chaos signatures. In this thesis, one studies the spectral and chaological properties of infinite rectangular quantum graphs in the presence of a magnetic field. One then establishes the quantization of the Hall transverse conductivity for these systems. The second part of the thesis is devoted to the physics of interacting atoms trapped in optical lattices and subjected to artificial gauge potentials. One explores the Mott quantum phase transition in both bosonic and fermionic optical lattices subjected to such fields. The optical lattices are described through the Hubbard model in which the dynamics is ruled by two competing parameters: the interaction strength U and the tunneling amplitude t. The Mott phase is characterized by a commensurate filling of the lattice and is reached by increasing the ration U/t, which can be easily achieved experimentally by varying the depth of the optical potential. In this thesis one studies how this quantum phase transition is modified when the optical lattice is subjected to diverse artificial gauge potentials. Moreover, one shows that vortices are created in bosonic optical lattices in the vicinity of the Mott regime. The vortices are topological defects in the macroscopic wave function that describes the superfluid. One comments on the vortex patterns that are observed for several configurations of the gauge potential. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% La physique statistique quantique prédit l’émergence de propriétés remarquables lorsque la matière est soumise à des conditions extrêmes de basses températures. Aujourd’hui ces nouvelles phases de la matière jouent un rôle fondamental pour les technologies actuelles et ainsi méritent d’être étudiées sur le plan théorique. Dans le cadre de ma thèse, j’ai étudié l’effet Hall quantique qui se manifeste dans des systèmes bidimensionnels ultra froids et soumis à des champs magnétiques intenses. Cet effet remarquable se manifeste par la quantification parfaite d’un coefficient de transport appelé conductivité de Hall. Cette grandeur physique évolue alors sur divers plateaux qui correspondent à des valeurs entières d’une constante fondamentale de la nature. D’un point de vue théorique, cette quantification peut être approchée par la théorie des espaces fibrés qui permet d’exprimer la conductivité de Hall en termes d’invariants topologiques. Nous explorons l'effet Hall quantique pour différents systèmes en nous appuyant sur l’interprétation topologique de la quantification de la conductivité de Hall. Nous démontrons ainsi que l’effet Hall quantique se manifeste aussi bien dans les métaux que dans les graphes quantiques et les réseaux optiques. Les graphes quantiques sont des modèles permettant l’étude du transport dans des circuits fins, alors que les réseaux optiques sont des dispositifs actuellement réalisés en laboratoire qui piègent des atomes froids de façon périodique. Considérant différents champs magnétiques externes et variant la géométrie des systèmes, nous montrons que cet effet subit des modifications remarquables. Notamment, l’effet Hall quantique est représenté par des diagrammes des phases impressionnants :les multiples phases correspondant à la valeur entière de la conductivité de Hall se répartissent alors dans des structures fractales. De plus, ces diagrammes des phases se révèlent caractéristiques des différents systèmes étudiés. D’autre part, nous étudions la transition quantique de Mott dans les réseaux optiques. En augmentant l’interaction entre les particules, le système devient isolant et se caractérise par le remplissage homogène du réseau. Nous étudions également l’apparition de tourbillons quantiques lorsque le système est soumis à un champ magnétique au voisinage de la phase isolante.
Gauge theories and topological phases play a fundamental role in different areas of physics. The first ones are at the basis of the Standard Model in the field of particle physics, describing the electroweak and strong interactions through a non-Abelian gauge theory. In condensed matter and statistical physics, gauge theories arise as low-energy effective descriptions of strongly correlated phenomena, such as quantum spin liquids and quantum Hall effect. In this realm there is a strong connection with topological phases and order, as emergent gauge fermions and bosons often describe collective excitations of new exotic states of matter of spin models. The discretization on a lattice is a possible way of dealing with the strongly coupled nature of these theories, due to the fact that this formulation at finite volume provides natural regularizing cut-offs, i.e. the lattice size and spacing. This allows for the investigation of different non-perturbative properties both numerically and analytically. Despite the success of these methods, there are various aspects which remain intractable due to the sign or complex action problems, like the out of equilibrium real time evolution or the analysis of quantum chromodynamics with finite chemical potential. In this respect, quantum simulators of many-body systems to simulate high energy physics arise as promising alternatives to face these problems in the near future. They are quantum systems that can be controlled and used to simulate more complicated systems, whose properties could not be analysed with classical computational, experimental or theoretical tools. In the last decades, there has been a huge development in the fields of quantum optics and atomic physics, allowing for the realization highly precise and controllable platforms by means of trapped ions, superconducting circuits, Rydberg atoms and ultracold atoms in optical lattices. This work of Thesis is part of these fields and has different purposes, all of them connected with the study of gauge theories and topological phases. Firstly, we want to develop a reformulation of lattice gauge theories in terms of gauge invariant fields, in a way to deal solely with physical variables directly in the action. Among several possible advantages, a crucial point is that this can be particularly helpful for the construction of consistent approximation schemes, such as mean-field theories, in order to understand and capture some of the physical features of the theory and make the mean-field approximation consistent with the Elitzur theorem, stating that a local gauge symmetry can not be spontaneously broken. As a second point, we face the problem of simulating higher dimensional gauge theories with ultracold atoms. One of the challenges in more than one dimension is indeed the realization of plaquette interaction terms in the Hamiltonian of lattice gauge theories: these can be engineered through four correlated hoppings in perturbation theory, or by means of constrained hoppings in the dual formulation. In this respect, our main target is to set up an ultracold atomic platform generating the plaquette term in two dimensions using only two correlated hoppings, and protecting gauge invariance through angular momentum conservation. The last point we address in the Thesis is related to the analysis of particles moving in static background gauge potentials, i.e. when the considered gauge field has no dynamical term in the action of the system. Indeed, the dynamics of quantum particles in the presence of static gauge fields gives rise to intriguing physical phenomena. In particular, using ultracold atom setups, the realization of artificial gauge potentials can be used to investigate the physics of topological semimetals, such as Weyl or Dirac type. In the last ten years, a lot of attention has been paid to their characterization, due to the appearence of clear theoretical predictions and very well-controlled experimental techniques. We investigate here the relation between topological phase transitions and van Hove singularities, i.e. the discontinuities in the energy derivative of the density of states, in three-dimensional gapless systems. In such materials, topological phase transitions can be defined by changes of the topological invariants of the Fermi sheets, happening at specific singular points. Moreover, Fermi surface singularities result in the presence of the so-called van Hove points. We then present a general argument to relate topological phase transitions and van Hove singularities, and show observable consequences that are related to the transport properties of the system. We exemplify our argument in Weyl systems by analyzing the three-dimensional Hofstadter model for various commensurate fluxes, which offers the opportunity to consider different kinds of Weyl metals and to understand the features of their density of states.
L'étude des phases de la matière est d'un intérêt fondamental en physique. La théorie de Landau, qui est le "modèle standard" des transitions de phases, caractérise les phases de la matière en termes des brisures de symétrie, décrites par un paramètre d'ordre local. Cette théorie a permis la description de phénomènes remarquables tels que la condensation de Bose-Einstein, la supraconductivité et la superfluidité. Il existe cependant des phases qui échappent à la description de Landau. Il s'agit des phases quantiques topologiques. Celles-ci constituent un nouveau paradigme et sont caractérisées par un ordre global défini par un invariant topologique. Ce dernier classe les objets ou systèmes de la manière suivante: deux objets appartiennent à la même classe topologique s'il est possible de déformer continument le premier objet en le second. Cette propriété globale rend le système robuste contre des perturbations locales telles que le désordre. Les atomes froids constituent une plateforme idéale pour simuler les phases quantiques topologiques. Depuis l'invention du laser, les progrès en physique atomique et moléculaire ont permis un contrôle de la dynamique et des états internes des atomes. La réalisation de gaz quantiques,tels que les condensats de Bose-Einstein et les gaz dégénérés de Fermi, ainsi que la réalisation de réseaux optiques à l'aide de faisceaux lasers, permettent d'étudier ces nouvelles phases de la matière et de simuler aussi la physique du solide cristallin. Dans cette thèse, nous nous concentrons sur l'etude d'isolants topologiques avec des atomes froids. Ces derniers sont isolants de volume mais possèdent des états de surface qui sont conducteurs, protégés par un invariant topologique. Nous traitons trois sujets principaux. Le premier sujet concerne la génération dynamique d'un isolant topologique de Mott. Ici, les interactions engendrent l'isolant topologique et ce, sans champ de jauge de fond. Le second sujet concerne la détection des isolants topologiques dans les expériences d'atomes froids. Nous proposons deux méthodes complémentaires pour caractériser celles-ci. Finalement, le troisième sujet aborde des thèmes au-delà de la définition standard d'isolant topologique. Nous avons d'une part proposé un algorithme efficace pour calculer la conductivité de Berry, la contribution topologique à la conductivité transverse lorsque l'énergie de Fermi se trouve dans une bande d'énergie. D'autre part, nous avons utilisé des méthodes pour caractériser les propriétés quantiques topologiques de systèmes non-périodiques. L'étude des isolants topologiques dans les expériences d'atomes froids est un sujet de recherche récent et en pleine expansion. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse apporte plusieurs contributions théoriques pour la simulation de systèmes quantiques sur réseau avec des atomes froids.
We study the transport of cold fermionic atoms trapped in optical lattices in the presence of artificial Abelian or non-Abelian gauge potentials. Such external potentials can be created in optical lattices in which atom tunneling is laser assisted and described by commutative or non-commutative tunneling operators. We show that the Hall-like transverse conductivity of such systems is quantized by relating the transverse conductivity to topological invariants known as Chern numbers. We show that this quantization is robust in non-Abelian potentials. The different integer values of this conductivity are explicitly computed for a specific non-Abelian system which leads to a fractal phase diagram.
Gaz quantiques à plusieurs composantes sous champ de jauge La première observation de la condensation de Bose-Einstein (BEC) dans les vapeurs atomiques diluées a été une percée fondamentale, vérifiant le concept théorique prédit par Bose et Einstein il y a plusieurs décennies, révélant la propriété statistique des particules quantiques. Depuis lors, un nouveau champ est apparu et les expérimentateurs sont en mesure d'étudier cette matière artificielle de manière très propre et contrôlable. Les systèmes à atomes froids nous permettent d’explorer toute une série de phénomènes fondamentaux extrêmement difficiles voire impossibles à étudier dans des matériaux réels, tels que l’oscillation de Bloch, la transition superfluide-Mott, la topologie de la structure de la bande, le magnétisme orbital, pour ne nommer que ceux-ci. Ces progrès permettent la simulation quantique d'une grande classe d'hamiltoniens soumis au champ magnétique. En effet, les phénomènes de matière condensée sous de forts champs magnétiques intriguent toujours et sont au centre des recherches modernes. Une échelle est la géométrie la plus simple où l'on peut avoir un aperçu des effets d’un champ de jauge synthétique.dans un systèmes quantiques à deux dimensions.La première partie de cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude de l'échelle à double anneau soumise à des flux de jauge.À travers des calculs numériques et analytiques, nous explorons le diagramme de phases du système en révélant les phases connues telles que la phase de Meissner, vortex et « biased ladder » phases, ainsi que l’effet de commensurabilité du flux total. Grâce à l'approximation de Bogoliubov, nous pouvons déduire le spectre d'excitation du système et la nature des modes à basse énergie dans les différentes phases, révélant des effets de supersolidités ainsi d'oscillation de Josephson entre les anneaux. Le régime d'interaction infinie entre le boson nous a permis d'utiliser une cartographie exacte entre fermions et bosons à l'aide de la transformation de Jordan-Wigner pour caractériser les propriétés de l'état fondamental. Nous explorons le régime intermédiaire des interactions via la théorie des Liquide de Luttinger. Grâce à l’expansion de mode et à l’approche de re-fermionisation de l’Hamiltonien bosonisé du double anneau sous flux de jauge, nous montrons les particularités de la condition aux limites périodiques de taille finie sur le courant dans le double anneau en présence d’une barrière permettant la simulation d’un champ de jauge.Les excitons-polaritons dans les microcavités semi-conductrices constituent un formidable terrain de jeu pour l'étude des fluides quantiques de la lumière où des effets remarquables, similaires à ceux observés dans les expériences sur les atomes froids, se produisent. Même si ce fluide quantique de lumière est supposé être composé d’un état macroscopiquement occupé la nature hors équilibre du gaz rend la comparaison avec les condensats typiques des expériences d’atomes froids plutôt non triviale.La deuxième partie de la thèse est consacrée à l'étude des excitons-polariton dans le réseau en nid d'abeille. Dans ces réseaux les excitations à faible énergie sont des particules de Dirac sans masse et chirales. Les exciton-polaritons, qui sont des particules composites de lumière, retrouvent leur caractère relativiste dans ce reseau mais dans un contexte où la condensation est possible. Les caractéristiques des bosons dans le réseau en nid d’abeilles, y compris les fonctions de Green retardés, le mécanisme de sélection de la zone de Brillouin et le lien avec la géométrie du réseau. Nous montrons que les modes de désintégration sont supprimés en raison de la symétrie du réseau menant à la possibilité de créer un état sombre polaritonique. On obtient ensuite le spectre d’excitation de Bogoliubov. La courbe de bistabilité habituelle est instable au-dessus du point C, montrant la chute de la théorie du champ moyen en raison de la possibilité d'un état hautement non classique. Enfin, expérience et théorie sont comparées.
Building a universal quantum computer is a central goal of emerging quantum technologies, which has the potential to revolutionize science and technology. Unfortunately, this future does not seem to be very close at hand. However, quantum computers built for a special purpose, i.e. quantum simulators , are currently developed in many leading laboratories. Many schemes for quantum simulation have been proposed and realized using, e.g., ultracold atoms in optical lattices, ultracold trapped ions, atoms in arrays of cavities, atoms/ions in arrays of traps, quantum dots, photonic networks, or superconducting circuits. The progress in experimental implementations is more than spectacular. Particularly interesting are those systems that simulate quantum matter evolving in the presence of gauge fields. In the quantum simulation framework, the generated (synthetic) gauge fields may be Abelian, in which case they are the direct analogues of the vector potentials commonly associated with magnetic fields. In condensed matter physics, strong magnetic fields lead to a plethora of fascinating phenomena, among which the most paradigmatic is perhaps the quantum Hall effect. The standard Hall effect consists in the appearance of a transverse current, when a longitudinal voltage difference is applied to a conducting sample. For quasi-two-dimensional semiconductors at low temperatures placed in very strong magnetic fields, the transverse conductivity, the ratio between the transverse current and the applied voltage, exhibits perfect and robust quantization, independent for instance of the material or of its geometry. Such an integer quantum Hall effect, is now understood as a deep consequence of underlying topological order. Although such a system is an insulator in the bulk, it supports topologically robust edge excitations which carry the Hall current. The robustness of these chiral excitations against backscattering explains the universality of the quantum Hall effect. Another interesting and related effect, which arises from the interplay between strong magnetic field and lattice potentials, is the famous Hofstadter butterfly: the energy spectrum of a single particle moving on a lattice and subjected to a strong magnetic field displays a beautiful fractal structure as a function of the magnetic flux penetrating each elementary plaquette of the lattice. When the effects of interparticle interactions become dominant, two-dimensional gases of electrons exhibit even more exotic behaviour leading to the fractional quantum Hall effect. In certain conditions such a strongly interacting electron gas may form a highly correlated state of matter, the prototypical example being the celebrated Laughlin quantum liquid. Even more fascinating is the behaviour of bulk excitations (quasi-hole and quasi-particles): they are neither fermionic nor bosonic, but rather behave as anyons with fractional statistics intermediate between the two. Moreover, for some specific filling factors (ratio between the electronic density and the flux density), these anyons are proven to have an internal structure (several components) and non-Abelian braiding properties. Many of the above statements concern theoretical predictions—they have never been observed in condensed matter systems. For instance, the fractional values of the Hall conductance is seen as a direct consequence of the fractional statistics, but to date direct observation of anyons has not been possible in two-dimensional semiconductors. Realizing these predictions in experiments with atoms, ions, photons etc, which potentially allow the experimentalist to perform measurements complementary to those made in condensed matter systems, is thus highly desirable! Non-Abelian gauge fields couple the motional states of the particles to their internal degrees of freedom (such as hyperfine states for atoms or ions, electronic spins for electrons, etc). In this sense external non-Abelian fields extend the concept of spin–orbit coupling (Rashba and Dresselhaus couplings), familiar from AMO and condensed matter physics. They lead to yet another variety of fascinating phenomena such as the quantum spin Hall effect, three-dimensional topological insulators, topological superconductors and superfluids of various kinds. One also expects here the appearance of excitations in a form of topological edge states that can support robust transport, or entangled Majorana fermions in the case of topological superconductors or superfluids. Again, while many kinds of topological insulators have been realized in condensed matter systems, a controlled way of creating them in AMO systems and studying quantum phase transitions between various kinds of them is obviously very appealing and challenging. The various systems listed so far correspond to static gauge fields, which are externally imposed by the experimentalists. Even more fascinating is the possibility of generating synthetically dynamical gauge fields, i.e. gauge fields that evolve in time according to an interacting gauge theory, e.g., a full lattice gauge theory (LGT). These dynamical gauge fields can also couple to matter fields, allowing the quantum simulation of such complex systems (notoriously hard to simulate using 'traditional' computers), which are particularly relevant for modern high-energy physics. So far, most of the theoretical proposals concern the simulation of Abelian gauge theories, however, several groups have recently proposed extensions to the non-Abelian scenarios. The scope of the present focused issue of Journal of Physics B is to cover all of these developments, with particular emphasis on the non-Abelian gauge fields. The 14 papers in this issue include contributions from the leading theory groups working in this field; we believe that this collection will provide the reference set for quantum simulations of gauge fields. Although the special issue contains exclusively theoretical proposals and studies, it should be stressed that the progress in experimental studies of artificial Abelian and non-Abelian gauge fields in recent years has been simply spectacular. Multiple leading groups are working on this subject and have already obtained a lot of seminal results. The papers in the special issue are ordered according to the date of acceptance. The issue opens with a review article by Zhou et al [1] on unconventional states of bosons with synthetic spin–orbit coupling. Next, the paper by Maldonado-Mundo et al [2] studies ultracold Fermi gases with artificial Rashba spin–orbit coupling in a 2D gas. Anderson and Charles [3], in contrast, discuss a three-dimensional spin–orbit coupling in a trap. Orth et al [4] investigate correlated topological phases and exotic magnetism with ultracold fermions, again in the presence of artificial gauge fields. The paper of Nascimbène [5] does not address the synthetic gauge fields directly, but describes an experimental proposal for realizing one-dimensional topological superfluids with ultracold atomic gases; obviously, this problem is well situated in the general and growing field of topological superfluids, in particular those realized in the presence of non-Abelian gauge fields/spin–orbit coupling. Graß et al [6] consider in their paper fractional quantum Hall states of a Bose gas with spin–orbit coupling induced by a laser. Particular attention is drawn here to the possibility of realizing states with non-Abelian anyonic excitations. Zheng et al [7] study properties of Bose gases with Raman-induced spin–orbit coupling. Kiffner et al [8] in their paper touch on another kind of system, namely ultracold Rydberg atoms. In particular they study the generation of Abelian and non-Abelian gauge fields in dipole–dipole interacting Rydberg atoms. The behaviour of fermions in synthetic non-Abelian gauge potentials is discussed by Shenoy and Vyasanakere [9]. The paper starts with the study of Rashbon condensates (i.e. Bose condensates in the presence of Rashba coupling) and also introduces novel kinds of exotic Hamiltonians. Goldman et al [10] propose a concrete setup for realizing arbitrary non-Abelian gauge potentials in optical square lattices; they discuss how such synthetic gauge fields can be exploited to generate Chern insulators. Zygelman [11], similarly as Kiffner et al [8], discusses in his paper non-Abelian gauge fields in Rydberg systems. Marchukov et al [12] return to the subject of spin–orbit coupling, and investigate spectral gaps of spin–orbit coupled particles in the realistic situations of deformed traps. The last two papers, in contrast, are devoted to different subjects. Edmonds et al [13] consider a 'dynamical' density-dependent gauge potential, and study the Josephson effect in a Bose–Einstein condensate subject to such a potential. Last, but not least, Mazzucchi et al [14] study the properties of semimetal-superfluid quantum phase transitions in 3D lattices with Dirac points. References [1] Zhou X, Li Y, Cai Z and Wu C 2013 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 46 134001 [2] Maldonado-Mundo D, Öhberg P and Valiente M 2013 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 46 134002 [3] Anderson B M and Clark C W 2013 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 46 134003 [4] Orth P P, Cocks D, Rachel S, Buchhold M, Le Hur K and Hofstetter W 2013 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 46 134004 [5] Nascimbène S 2013 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 46 134005 [6] Graß T, Juliá-Díaz B, Burrello M and Lewenstein M 2013 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 46 134006 [7] Zheng W, Yu Z-Q, Cui X and Zhai H 2013 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 46 134007 [8] Kiffner M, Li W and Jaksch D 2013 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 46 134008 [9] Shenoy V B and Vyasanakere J P 2013 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 46 134009 [10] Goldman N, Gerbier F and Lewenstein M 2013 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 46 134010 [11] Zygelman B 2013 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 46 134011 [12] Marchukov O V, Volosniev A G, Fedorov D V, Jensen A S and Zinner N T 2013 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. 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Etude numérique des isolants topologiques fractionnaires Les isolants topologiques sont des isolants qui ne peuvent être différenciés des isolants atomiques que par une grandeur physique non locale appelée invariant topologique. L'effet Hall quantique et son équivalent sans champ magnétique l'isolant de Chern sont des exemples d'isolants topologiques. En présence d'interactions fortes, des excitations exotiques appelées anyons peuvent apparaître dans les isolants topologiques. L'effet Hall quantique fractionnaire (EHQF) est la seule réalisation expérimentale connue de ces phases. Dans ce manuscrit, nous étudions numériquement les conditions d'émergence de différents isolants topologiques fractionnaires. Nous nous concentrons d'abord sur l'étude de l'EHQF sur le tore. Nous introduisons une méthode de construction projective des états EHQF les plus exotiques complémentaire par rapport aux méthodes existantes. Nous étudions les excitations de basse énergie sur le tore de deux états EHQF, les états de Laughlin et de Moore-Read. Nous proposons des fonctions d'onde pour les décrire, et vérifions leur validité numériquement. Grâce à cette description, nous caractérisons les excitations de basse énergie de l'état de Laughlin dans les isolants de Chern. Nous démontrons également la stabilité d'autres états de l'EHQF dans les isolants de Chern, tels que les états de fermions composites, Halperin et NASS. Nous explorons ensuite des phases fractionnaires sans équivallent dans la physique de l'EHQF, d'abord en choisissant un modèle dont l'invariant topologique a une valeur plus élevée, puis en imposant au système la conservation de la symétrie par renversement du temps, ce qui modifie la nature de l'invariant topologique.