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The Dispersion by Hydrogen-Like Atoms in Wave Mechanics

Boris Podolsky

Published Jan 1, 1928• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In view of the recent experimental determination of the dispersion by atomic hydrogen it seems interesting to apply the theory of dispersion developed by Schrodinger to this case. In this paper we restrict ourselves to an approximation in which terms of the order of relativistic correction are neglected. For this purpose it is simpler to obtain our wave equation by the operational method of Schrodinger and Eckart, as extended by Epstein, for in this way we immediately obtain an equation free of relativistic terms. In what follows, in order to preserve a continuity of the discussion, details of calculations are omitted from the main text and are given as Supplementary Notes at the end of the paper. References will be found immediately preceding the Supplementary Notes.

DOI
10.7907/z52y-xf82.

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In view of the recent experimental determination of the dispersion by atomic hydrogen it seems interesting to apply the theory of dispersion developed by Schrodinger to this case. In this paper we restrict ourselves to an approximation in which terms of the order of relativistic correction are neglected. For this purpose it is simpler to obtain our wave equation by the operational method of Schrodinger and Eckart, as extended by Epstein, for in this way we immediately obtain an equation free of relativistic terms. In what follows, in order to preserve a continuity of the discussion, details of calculations are omitted from the main text and are given as Supplementary Notes at the end of the paper. References will be found immediately preceding the Supplementary Notes.
In view of the recent experimental determination of the dispersion by atomic hydrogen [1] it seems interesting to apply the theory of dispersion developed by Schrödinger [2] to this case. In this paper we restrict ourselves to an approximation in which terms of the order of relativistic correction are neglected. For this purpose it is simpler to obtain our wave equation by the operational method of Schrödinger [3] and Eckart [4], as extended by Epstein [5], for in this way we immediately obtain an equation free of relativistic terms.
It has been shown by Schr\"odinger and O. Klein that the Kramers-Heisenberg formulas for dispersion and incoherent scattering can both be obtained by an extension of Schr\"odinger's method for treating dispersion, the terms in the Hamiltonian involving squares of the potentials being neglected. The resulting formulas agree with those of Dirac. They are, however, inconvenient for calculations, as they contain summations with respect to all energy levels combining with the pair of levels under consideration, and thus imply complicated integrations when a continuous spectrum is present. This paper treats the problem of a hydrogen-like atom, acted on by light the wave-length of which is large compared to the size of the atom and the frequency of which is not too near a resonance frequency, and develops a method which obviates the necessity of integrating over the continuous range. It is an extension of the method used by one of us in treating the dispersion by atomic hydrogen. It is applied in detail to the first two levels of H. Formulas are derived for the intensities of the Smekal-Raman lines with a shift corresponding to the first absorption line.
Abstract Wave mechanics triumphed when Schrödinger published his now famous equation and showed how to describe hydrogen-like atoms using it. However, while looking for the right equation, Schrödinger first explored, but did not publish, the equation that we today call the Klein–Gordon equation. An alternative possible choice is explored in this work. It is shown a quasi-relativistic wave equation which solutions match the Schrödinger’s results at electron energies much smaller than the energy associated to the electron’s mass, but include, at higher energies, the relativity energy’s correction calculated in traditional first order perturbation theory. A discussion is presented about several consequences that would follow from using this quasi-relativistic wave equation as a quantum mechanics foundational equation. It is also suggested the academic use of this equation for introducing the students to the implications of the special theory of relativity in introductory quantum mechanics courses.
The quantum mechanical problem of the hydrogen atom is treated by use of a finite difference equation in place of Schrödinger's differential equation. The exact solution leads to a wave vector energy expression that is readily converted to the Bohr-Rydberg formula. (The calculations here reported are limited to spherically symmetric states.) The wave vectors reduce to the familiar solutions of Schrödinger's equation as c --> infinity. The internal consistency and limiting behavior provide support for the view that the equations employed could well constitute an approach to a relativistic formulation of wave mechanics.
We expose the Schrödinger quantum mechanics with traditional applications to Hydrogen atom. We discuss carefully the experimental and theoretical background for the introduction of the Schrödinger, Pauli and Dirac equations, as well as for the Maxwell equations. We explain in detail all basic theoretical concepts. We explain all details of the calculations and mathematical tools: Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formalism for the systems with finite degree of freedom and for fields, Geometric Optics, the Hamilton-Jacobi equation and WKB approximation, Noether theory of invariants including the theorem on currents, four conservation laws (energy, momentum, angular momentum and charge), Lie algebra of angular momentum and spherical functions, scattering theory (limiting amplitude principle and limiting absorption principle), the Lienard-Wiechert formulas, Lorentz group and Lorentz formulas, Pauli theorem and relativistic covariance of the Dirac equation, etc. We give a detailed oveview of the conceptual development of the quantum mechanics, and expose main achievements of the ``old quantum mechanics'' in the form of exercises. One of our basic aim in writing this book, is an open and concrete discussion of the problem of a mathematical description of the following two fundamental quantum phenomena: i) Bohr's quantum transitions and ii) de Broglie's wave-particle duality. Both phenomena cannot be described by autonomous linear dynamical equations, and we give them a new mathematical treatment related with recent progress in the theory of global attractors of nonlinear hyperbolic PDEs.
In this investigation a simple method developed by introducing spin to Schrodinger equation to study the relativistic hydrogen atom. By separating Schrodinger equation to radial and angular parts, we modify these parts to the associated Laguerre and Jacobi differential equations, respectively. Bound state Energy levels and wave functions of relativistic Schrodinger equation for Hydrogen atom have been obtained. Calculated results well matched to the results of Dirac’s relativistic theory. Finally the factorization method and supersymmetry approaches in quantum mechanics, give us some first order raising and lowering operators, which help us to obtain all quantum states and energy levels for different values of the quantum numbers n and m.