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On the occurrence of interference in special two-slit experiments

Fonte, G, B. Zerbo

Published Sep 18, 2006• 1 citation
OpenAlex

Abstract

We investigate numerically the occurrence of the interference fringes in experiments where an initial Gaussian wave packet evolves inside billiard domains of several shapes with two narrow slits on a side. Contrarily to what claimed in the literature, our results seem to show that the occurrence of interference fringes does not depend on the billiard integrability but on a spatial reflection symmetry concerning both the billiard domain and the initial Gaussian wave packet. Indeed, whether the billiard is regular or chaotic, we find clear interference fringes when this symmetry is verified whereas when it is not verified, we find that the interference patterns are perturbed in various measure according to the effects of the symmetry violation.

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•Jan 1, 2007•1 citation
We investigate numerically the occurrence of the interference fringes in experiments where an initial Gaussian wave packet evolves inside billiard domains of several shapes with two narrow slits on a side. Contrarily to what claimed in the literature, our results seem to show that the occurrence of interference fringes does not depend on the billiard integrability but on a spatial reflection symmetry concerning both the billiard domain and the initial Gaussian wave packet. Indeed, whether the billiard is regular or chaotic, we find clear interference fringes when this symmetry is verified whereas when it is not verified, we find that the interference patterns are perturbed in various measure according to the effects of the symmetry violation.
We report on the numerical simulation of the double-slit experiment, where the initial wave packet is bounded inside a billiard domain with perfectly reflecting walls. If the shape of the billiard is such that the classical ray dynamics is regular, we obtain interference fringes whose visibility can be controlled by changing the parameters of the initial state. However, if we modify the shape of the billiard thus rendering classical (ray) dynamics fully chaotic, the interference fringes disappear and the intensity on the screen becomes the (classical) sum of intensities for the two corresponding one-slit experiments. Thus we show a clear and fundamental example in which transition to chaotic motion in a deterministic classical system, in absence of any external noise, leads to a profound modification in the quantum behavior.
Single and double-slit experiments are performed with two microwave billiards with the shapes of a rectangle and a quarter stadium, respectively. The classical dynamics of the former is regular, whereas that of the latter is chaotic. Microwaves can leave the billiards via slits in the boundary, forming interference patterns on a screen. The aim is to determine the effect of the billiard dynamics on their structure. For this the development of a method for the construction of a directed wave packet by means of an array of multiple antennas was crucial. The interference patterns show a sensitive dependence not only on the billiard dynamics but also on the initial position and direction of the wave packet.
We design a computational experiment in which a quantum particle tunnels into a billiard of variable shape and scatters out of it through a double-slit opening on the billiard's base. The interference patterns produced by the scattered probability currents for a range of energies are investigated in relation to the billiard's geometry which is connected to its classical integrability. Four billiards with hierarchical integrability levels are considered: integrable, pseudointegrable, weak-mixing, and strongly chaotic. In agreement with the earlier result by Casati and Prosen [Phys. Rev. A 72, 032111 (2005)], we find the billiard's integrability to have a crucial influence on the properties of the interference patterns. In the integrable case, most experiment outcomes are found to be consistent with the constructive interference occurring in the usual double-slit experiment. In contrast to this, nonintegrable billiards typically display asymmetric interference patterns of smaller visibility characterized by weakly correlated wave function values at the two slits. Our findings indicate an intrinsic connection between the classical integrability and the quantum dephasing, which is responsible for the destruction of interference.
In this paper, we report experimental evidence of wave chaos using the double slit water surface wave experiment. We demonstrate that classical dynamics of a domain manifests itself in the interference patterns after the diffraction behind the double slit. For a domain whose classical dynamics is integrable clear interference fringes can be observed behind the double slits; for a domain whose classical dynamics is chaotic, however, interference fringes can totally disappear. Our experimental results clearly demonstrate that the centuries-old double slit experiment can render an excellent tool to observe the manifestations of wave chaos.
Some modified two-slit interference experiments claim to demonstrate a violation of Bohr’s complementarity principle. A typical such experiment is theoretically analyzed using wave-packet dynamics. The flaw in the analysis of such experiments is pointed out and it is demonstrated that they do not violate complementarity. In addition, it is quite generally proved that if the state of a particle is such that the modulus square of the wave-function yields an interference pattern, then it necessarily loses which-path information.
The diffraction pattern by double slit is studied by incoming Gaus-sian wave packet subjected to scattering interaction with the wall and a truncation assumption when crossing the slits. Explicit results are valid for sufficiently smooth scattering amplitude. They concern large and narrow aperture of the incoming wave packet. For wave packet localized in spatial region smaller then the aperture of the slits there is no diffraction and the particle behaves classically. For wave packet peaked in the momentum probability distribution there are maxima, superimposed to the canonical diffraction pattern, in correspondence to the edges of the slits. Previous similar results are generalized and improved.