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Physics Procedia

Narrow Line Cooling of 88Sr Atoms in the Magneto-optical Trap for Precision Frequency Standard

S A Strelkin, A. A. Galyshev, O I Berdasov, A Yu Gribov, Denis V. Sutyrin, Ksenia Yu. Khabarova, N. Kolachevsky, Sergey N. Slyusarev

Published Jan 1, 2015• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We report on our progress toward the realization of a Strontium optical lattice clock, which is under development at VNIIFTRI as a part of GLONASS program. We’ve prepared the narrow line width laser system for secondary cooling of 88Sr atoms which allows us to reach atom cloud temperature below 3 μK after second cooling stage.
DOI
10.1016/j.phpro.2015.09.058

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The secondary laser cooling of a cloud of strontium-88 atoms on the 1 S 0–3 P 1 (689 nm) intercombination transition captured into a magneto-optical trap has been demonstrated. We describe in detail the recapture of atoms from the primary trap operating on the strong 1 S 0–1 P 1 (461 nm) transition and determine the recapture coefficient κ, the number of atoms, and their temperature in the secondary trap as a function of experimental parameters. A temperature of 2 µK has been reached in the secondary trap at the recapture coefficient κ = 6%, which confirms the secondary cooling efficiency and is sufficient to perform metrological measurements of the 1 S 0–3 P 1 (698 nm) clock transition in an optical lattice.
This paper reports results of cooling and trapping of88Sr for future use in an optical lattice clock. Strontium atoms are cooled to ultra-cold temperatures using a two-stage cooling process. In the first stage, atoms are captured from a Zeeman-slowed atomic beam and cooled to 2 mK in a magneto optical trap operated on the1So-1P1transition at 461 nm. The second cooling stage utilizes the spin forbidden1So-3P1transition at 689 nm. To reach ultra-cold temperatures, 50 ms of broadband cooling is followed by 28 ms long single frequency cooling. The transfer efficiency from the first to the second cooling stage was measured to be 23%, leaving 7 x 106 atoms at a temperature of 1 muK. The atomic cloud is overlapped with a horizontally oriented 1-D far-off resonance optical dipole trap (FORT) at 813 nm with an effective potential depth of 25 muK. Due to equal light shifts of the1Soand the3P1state simultaneous Doppler cooling during the atom loading into the FORT is possible which leads to a transfer efficiency into the dipole trap of up to 60%.
Optical atomic clocks have proven to be the most stable clocks with the lowest systematic uncertainty which has now reached a record level of (9.4 X10/(^{19}/)). Thus optical clocks now surpass the best fountain Cs atomic clocks by three orders of magnitude which opens the prospect of using optical clocks as frequency standards for timekeeping in the near future. \n \nThis thesis describes the progress that has been made towards a stationary optical lattice clock based on strontium atoms, and reports the results of an ongoing characterization. \n \nAn experimental apparatus was designed and built to efficiently slow, cool, and trap the strontium atoms which represent the heart of the strontium optical lattice clock discussed in this thesis. The novel aspects of the experimental development described in the thesis comprise a frequency doubling cavity for producing 461 nm laser light employed for cooling and trapping the strontium atoms in the first stage cooling. This cavity provided sufficient power for cooling and trapping the strontium atoms for up to 300 mW of 461 nm laser light. Furthermore, a new design of Zeeman slower based on spherical permanent magnets was produced, built and characterized. \n \nThe slower is compact, tunable, easy to assemble and maintain, and cost-effective as the permanent magnets do not require any power supply or water cooling. It is suggested that this kind of Zeeman slower constitutes an ideal solution for portable optical clock systems. A blue magneto-optical trap was realized for the first time with such a Zeeman slower. With about 30 mW of a 461 nm laser, up to 6X10/(^8/) atoms were captured.
We report on our progress toward the realization of an optical frequency standard referenced to strontium intercombination lines. While first frequency measurement of the weakly allowed 1S 0- 3P 1 transition was done with saturation spectroscopy on a thermal beam, we are preparing the experimental setup for high resolution spectroscopy on ultracold atoms of the doubly forbidden 1S 0- 3P 0 line. Our current setup allows the capture more than 10 7 atoms at 1 μK in 500 ms in two stages of magneto-optical trapping. We also demonstrated the dipole trapping of ultracold strontium isotopes for accurate spectroscopy and collisional measurements. A semiconductor laser source at 698 nm has already been locked to a pre-stabilization cavity obtaining a fast linewidth of less than 1 kHz. Second stage stabilization of the clock laser to ultra-high finesse cavity is in development. Recent measurement of elastic and inelastic cross-sections of the two most abundant 88Sr and 86Sr isotopes are also presented.
Optical atomic clocks with precisions and accuracies in the 10−^-−1^118^88 level [1] are now the most advanced man-made timekeeping devices. They outperform the microwave cesium atomic clocks that realize the SI definition of the second. Scaling down the size of optical atomic clocks may open the door to a range of industrial and space applications. In this thesis, the design and preliminary results of a compact strontium cooling system are presented. In the first cooling stage, the high power 461 nm laser with 300 mW output features a modular design, while smaller laser sources for demonstrating a strontium magneto-optical trap have also been investigated. An innovative design that couples a spectroscopy cell directly into the scientific chamber reduces the overall size and power consumption of the system. Additionally, using strontium oxide as a source of strontium atoms suitable for optical clocks has achieved initial success. For the first time, a single-beam MOT configuration is applied to strontium. In this novel apparatus, the blue MOT and red MOT broadband cooling phases are able to trap 5x106^66 and 1000 atoms, respectively. This work shows promising progress towards developing a functional miniaturized strontium optical lattice clock.