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Viewpoint: Wiring Up Superconducting Qubits

John M. Nichol

Published Sep 14, 2015• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

A qubit made of a semiconducting nanowire sandwiched between two superconductors could simplify the design of quantum information processing architectures.

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Wiring Up Superconducting Qubits

John M. Nichol

A qubit made of a semiconducting nanowire sandwiched between two superconductors could simplify the design of quantum information processing architectures.

Physics•Sep 14, 2015•1 citation

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Superconduction A major ingredient of a superconducting qubit is a Josephson junction, typically containing an insulator that acts as a bridge (“weak link”) between two superconductors. Larsen et al. and de Lange et al. fabricated superconducting qubits that, instead of an insulator, used a semiconducting nanowire as the weak link. Both groups used InAs nanowires, in one case enclosed in a shell of superconducting Al and in the other contacted by superconducting NbTiN. The researchers controlled the frequency of the qubit—a complex operation in the conventional setup—by simply modulating the carrier concentration of the nanowire with gate voltage. The new architecture may lead to more-scalable quantum computers and address fundamental issues such as the quantum statistics of Majorana fermions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 115 , 127001; 127002 (2015).

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From quantum transport in semiconducting nanowires to hybrid semiconducting-superconducting qubits

Azarin Zarassi

A practical quantum computer demands a physical quantum bit (qubit) that is scalable, has a well-defined initial state, and brings together coherence with reliable control and read-out. A compelling idea is to put together a locally protected Majorana qubit with a superconducting qubit. The superconducting qubit is used to read out the Majorana states while the Majorana qubit may act as a quantum memory. This thesis presents a series of studies on quantum transport in semiconducting nanowires coupled to superconductors to investigate various platforms for realizing Majorana. These studies are followed by microwave measurements on superconducting circuits compatible with semiconducting-superconducting heterostructures. We first evaluate the potential of Ge/Si core/shell nanowires by achieving induced superconductivity as well as estimating spin-orbit coupling. Next we explore the transport mediated by Andreev bound states formed in InSb nanowire quantum. A subgap negative differential conductance is investigated together with the coalescing Andreev resonances at zero bias relevant for the correct interpretation of Majorana experiments done on the same structures. We conclude our studies of semiconducting nanowires by exploring tunnel junctions in Sn-InSb nanowires that are prepared by in-situ shadowing using nearby nanowires and flakes. Tin shells are found to induce a hard superconducting gap persisting up to high magnetic fields. We observe the two-electron charging effect from a small superconducting island of Sn-InSb. This effect is attributed to charge parity stability, which makes this nanowire system an intriguing candidate for superconducting and topological quantum circuits. These Sn-InSb junctions are then used as the nonlinear element in a transmon qubit design where we observe a dispersive coupling between this nanowire Josephson junction and a superconducting resonator. We also present our progress towards building a magnetic field resilient superconducting circuit that allows integration with semiconducting and topological structures. In the last chapter, InSb semiconducting nanowires are utilized as shadow masks prior to superconductor deposition on an InAs quantum well. We study Josephson current properties in Josephson junctions made from these nanowire shadows. Our results point to highly transparent junctions that can be developed further for hybrid superconductor-semiconductor qubit systems.

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arXiv:cond-mat/0508729•Aug 30, 2005•48 citations
Superconduction A major ingredient of a superconducting qubit is a Josephson junction, typically containing an insulator that acts as a bridge (“weak link”) between two superconductors. Larsen et al. and de Lange et al. fabricated superconducting qubits that, instead of an insulator, used a semiconducting nanowire as the weak link. Both groups used InAs nanowires, in one case enclosed in a shell of superconducting Al and in the other contacted by superconducting NbTiN. The researchers controlled the frequency of the qubit—a complex operation in the conventional setup—by simply modulating the carrier concentration of the nanowire with gate voltage. The new architecture may lead to more-scalable quantum computers and address fundamental issues such as the quantum statistics of Majorana fermions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 115 , 127001; 127002 (2015).
A practical quantum computer demands a physical quantum bit (qubit) that is scalable, has a well-defined initial state, and brings together coherence with reliable control and read-out. A compelling idea is to put together a locally protected Majorana qubit with a superconducting qubit. The superconducting qubit is used to read out the Majorana states while the Majorana qubit may act as a quantum memory. This thesis presents a series of studies on quantum transport in semiconducting nanowires coupled to superconductors to investigate various platforms for realizing Majorana. These studies are followed by microwave measurements on superconducting circuits compatible with semiconducting-superconducting heterostructures. We first evaluate the potential of Ge/Si core/shell nanowires by achieving induced superconductivity as well as estimating spin-orbit coupling. Next we explore the transport mediated by Andreev bound states formed in InSb nanowire quantum. A subgap negative differential conductance is investigated together with the coalescing Andreev resonances at zero bias relevant for the correct interpretation of Majorana experiments done on the same structures. We conclude our studies of semiconducting nanowires by exploring tunnel junctions in Sn-InSb nanowires that are prepared by in-situ shadowing using nearby nanowires and flakes. Tin shells are found to induce a hard superconducting gap persisting up to high magnetic fields. We observe the two-electron charging effect from a small superconducting island of Sn-InSb. This effect is attributed to charge parity stability, which makes this nanowire system an intriguing candidate for superconducting and topological quantum circuits. These Sn-InSb junctions are then used as the nonlinear element in a transmon qubit design where we observe a dispersive coupling between this nanowire Josephson junction and a superconducting resonator. We also present our progress towards building a magnetic field resilient superconducting circuit that allows integration with semiconducting and topological structures. In the last chapter, InSb semiconducting nanowires are utilized as shadow masks prior to superconductor deposition on an InAs quantum well. We study Josephson current properties in Josephson junctions made from these nanowire shadows. Our results point to highly transparent junctions that can be developed further for hybrid superconductor-semiconductor qubit systems.